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1001 Biology > 1. Body normal > Flashcards

1. Body normal Flashcards

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1
Q

Three main parts of the cell

A
  1. the plasma membrane
  2. the cytoplasm
  3. the nucleus
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2
Q

What is an organelle?

A

= any number or organised or specialised structures within the living cell

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3
Q

Structure of the cell (10)

A
  1. Nucleus - the control centre
  2. Nucleolus - site of RNA transcription
  3. cytoplasm - gel substance organelles it in giving the cell its structure
  4. Mitochondria - powerhouse
  5. Cytoskeleton - maintains cell like structure
  6. chloroplast - photosynthesis occurs
  7. rough ER - ribosomes and protein synthesis - transporting materials
  8. Smooth ER - lipid and steroid hormone
  9. Lysosomes - acidic organelles for waste breakdown and disposal
  10. golgibody - proteins from ER are processed and sorted ready for moving to correct destination.
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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

= controls what goes in and out of the cell

  • Phospholipid biolayer
  • surrounds the cell
  • semi permeable membrane (selective) -> small non polar/ uncharged molecules
  • Transmembrane proteins act as Chanel’s or transporters increase permeability
  • channels –> facilitated diffusion
  • Transport –> FD or active
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5
Q

Passive vs Active

A 
Passive 
= Moving DOWN concentration gradient
- simple diffusion 
- facilitated diffusion 
- osmosis

Active
- Moving AGAINST concentration gradient
= requires energy

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6
Q

What is Diffusion

A

= The movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a low region of concentration

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7
Q

Simple Diffusion VS Facilitated Diffusion

A 
Simple diffusion 
= does not require assistance  
   - passive process 
   - molecules can only pass in direction of gradient 
   - only small and non-polar molecule

Facilitated Diffusion
= transmembrane protein helps solute move through lipid layer
- passive/active
- can be inhibited
- solute specific to polar or high charged e.g. glucose
and aa

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8
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

= the net movement of a solvent through a selectively membrane of high and low

  • Salt sucks - salt will suck the water
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9
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • things going into the cells
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10
Q

Exocytosis

A

= things going out of the cell

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11
Q

ISOtonic

A

= A:B Same osmotic pressure

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12
Q

HYPERtonic

A

= C: A/B Water INTO

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13
Q

HYPOtonic

A

= A/B:C Water OUT

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14
Q

What are the major uses of energy?

A

= Glucose and fatty acids (when not starving)
- our body produces energy by burning glucose and fatty acids

Glucose - energy source for cells e.g. brain

Fatty acids - other key source e.g. heart muscles

When starving: ketone bodies

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15
Q

What is ATP

A

= Energy molecule

  • energy source for 95% of cellular activity
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16
Q

How is ATP replenished?

A 
= From high energy molecules
- ADP 
= from metabolism of nutrients
- glucose
- fatty acids
- ketone bodies
- lactate
17
Q

Negative feedback system?

A

= maintains homeostasis

  • Stimulus
  • Sensor/receptor = sends input to control centre through afferent pathway
  • control centre = brain generates output needed through efferent
  • effector = produces response
18
Q

What does mitochondria do and what advantage would extra mitochondria give to a cell?

A
  • Mitochondria produce ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate)
  • ATP provides energy for the cell at the molecular level
    e. g. sodium potassium pump needs ATP to function
  • Extra mitochondria = more ATP
19
Q

What types of cells would have high number of mitochondria?

A

= Numerous mitochondria are found in liver cells, kidney cells, skeletal muscle etc. Increased ATP production to meet higher demand.

20
Q

Which cells would have lower numbers of mitochondria and why?

A

= Cells that relatively inactive have very few mitochondria because they do not have a high energy demand.

Example:
bone cells:
unchallenged lymphocyte:

21
Q

Are there any cells in the body that do not contain mitochondria?

A
  • almost every cell in the body carries mitochondria

= Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria.

Their functions are limited and are only involved in passive transport.

They survive for 120 days.

22
Q

Why is the production of energy in cells called “cellular respiration”

A

= because it requires oxygen

23
Q

What do you think would happen at the cellular level in a patient with hypoxia? What cellular processes do you think may be compromised by a lack of oxygen?

A

Inadequate prefusion = cell hypoxia = energy defect of ATP = lactic acid accumulation and a fall in pH = metabolic acidosis and so on

1001 Biology (7 decks)

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