5: Control of Worms Sustainably

Question 1

Which part of the intestine do Ostertagia, Haemochus and Trichostrongylus live in?

Answer 1

Abomasum

Question 2

Which part of the intestine do Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus and Toxocara live in?

Answer 2

Small intestine

Question 3

Which part of the intestine does Trichuris live in?

Answer 3

LI

Question 4

How long after turnout do you get PGE in calves?

Answer 4

3-4 weeks

Question 5

When in the season does Ostertagia hypobiosis occur?

Answer 5

Late season infection

Question 6

How do calves get infected with Toxocara?

Answer 6

Through milk

Question 7

What part of the larvae’s life cycle causes disease in Ostertagia?

Answer 7

Maturation of the larvae in the abomasum

Question 8

What disease does Ostertagia cause in adult cattle?

Answer 8

Usually none

Question 9

How many exposures do you need for immunity in Ostertagia vs Cooperia?

Answer 9

Two in Ostertagia, one in Cooperia

Question 10

What is the main contributor to faecal egg counts?

Answer 10

Cooperia

Question 11

How badly does Cooperia affect calves?

Answer 11

Mild pathogen

Question 12

What does high serum pepsinogen indicate?

Answer 12

Reduced abomasal activity

Question 13

How many samples should you take to perform an egg count?

Answer 13

At least 10

Question 14

Which animals should you take egg counts from?

Answer 14

Healthy animals

Question 15

How soon should you transport faecal samples to the lab?

Answer 15

Cool and to the lab within 48 hours

Question 16

What happens in faecal egg samples are too old?

Answer 16

Hatch

Question 17

What must you do if you are pooling faecal egg samples?

Answer 17

Equal amounts from each

Question 18

What % calves have innate immunity to worm infection?

Answer 18

25%

Question 19

What % calves generate acquired immunity to worms?

Answer 19

50%

Question 20

What % calves have inadequate response to worms and therefore a high burden?

Answer 20

25%

Question 21

What % of animals carry the bulk of the parasite infection?

Answer 21

20%

Question 22

What does resistance vs resilience to worms mean?

Answer 22

Resistance is lower burden, resilience in unaffected by a higher burden

Question 23

Why does protein supplementation reduce egg count and worm burdens?

Answer 23

Compensates for parasitism and improves immunity

Question 24

What is a group 1 drug?

Answer 24

Benzimidazole (white)

Question 25

What is a group 2 drug?

Answer 25

Levamisole (yellow)

Question 26

What is a group 3 drug?

Answer 26

Macrocyclic lactones (clear)

Question 27

What do you use narrow spectrum anthelmintics for?

Answer 27

Liver fluke

Question 28

How do you administer doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin?

Answer 28

Injectable and pour-on

Question 29

How do you administer eprinomectin?

Answer 29

Pour-on

Question 30

What weeks do you give ivermectin in the early season?

Answer 30

3-8-13

Question 31

What weeks do you give doramectin?

Answer 31

0-8

Question 32

How long can moxidectin last?

Answer 32

6 months

Question 33

When do you administer boluses?

Answer 33

Start of the season

Question 34

What are the two types of boluses?

Answer 34

Sustained or pulse-release

Question 35

Which drugs are effective against L4 and adult dictyocaulus?

Answer 35

All

Question 36

Which life cycle stages are refractory to treatment?

Answer 36

Larval

Question 37

Which kinds of lice are macrocyclic lactones effective against?

Answer 37

Sucking and chewing

Question 38

What parasite is macrocyclic lactones especially effective against?

Answer 38

Warble fly

Question 39

Below what % egg count reduction is a genotype considered resistant?

Answer 39

95%

Question 40

In which species is drug resistance more of a problem?

Answer 40

Sheep

Question 41

Which species show BZ resistance?

Answer 41

Cooperia, Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus

Question 42

Which species is usually resistant to MLs?

Answer 42

Cooperia, but resistance to these are less common

Question 43

Which life cycle stages are not considered to be in refugia?

Answer 43

Eggs, L1, L2, L3

Question 44

What size are in refugia populations in cattle compared to sheep?

Answer 44

Large

Question 45

What frequency treatments generate resistance faster?

Answer 45

More frequent

Question 46

How do you avoid introducing resistant worms?

Answer 46

Have a quarantine period

Question 47

How long do you keep new cattle off the pasture so they can pass all eggs?

Answer 47

24-48 hours

Question 48

Which calves are worm free so don't need treatment?

Answer 48

Born and raised indoors

Question 49

What will happen if you give a product too soon (at turnout)?

Answer 49

Will wear off too soon

Question 50

Why should you not use dose and move?

Answer 50

Will contaminate the pasture with resistant worms

Question 51

What do you do instead of dose and move?

Answer 51

Delay the move after the dose so they can pick up susceptible worms

Question 52

What are the three types of grazing management you can use?

Answer 52

Preventiate, evasive or diluting

Question 53

What is an example of bioactive forage?

Answer 53

Chicory

Question 54

Which tests can you use to detect resistance?

Answer 54

Wormer test or FECRT

Question 55

Does the wormers test show efficacy or resistance?

Answer 55

Efficacy, but not necessarily resistance

Question 56

What does FECRT test anthelmintic against?

Answer 56

A control group

Question 57

At what two points do you perform a FECRT?

Answer 57

Prior to treatment, then later (reduce below 95%)

Question 58

How does mixed grazing (cattle and sheep) reduce contamination?

Answer 58

Reduces stocking density

Question 59

Which kind of summers precede a heavy worm burden?

Answer 59

Dry summer

Question 60

Which kind of parasite especially follows a dry summer?

Answer 60

Lung worm

Question 61

What are some clinical signs of type I ostertagiosis?

Answer 61

Loss of appetite, sudden profuse green diarrhoea, affects many animals, loss of BCS

Question 62

What is mortality like in type I ostertagiosis?

Answer 62

Mortality rare

Question 63

What is happening in type II ostertagiosis?

Answer 63

Hypobiosed larvae all emerge together in late winter

Question 64

What are the clinical signs of type II ostertgiosis?

Answer 64

Profuse unresponsive diarrhoea

Question 65

How fast is immunity to Cooperia?

Answer 65

Rapid

Question 66

How fast is immunity to Ostertagia?

Answer 66

Slower - two breeding seasons