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Cattle Medicine > 10 + 11: Mastitis > Flashcards

10 + 11: Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the usual cause of mastitis?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What does subclinical mastitis present as?

A

No changes to milk, see as somatic cell count

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3
Q

Which kind of mastitis cases can cause significant hyperalgesia?

A

Even mild cases

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of death in adult cattle?

A

Clinical mastitis

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5
Q

What four factors can mastitis adversely affect?

A

Fertility, milk yield, milk quality, somatic cell count

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6
Q

Through which stages can mastitis cycle?

A

Clinical to subclinical to chronic

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7
Q

Why can contagious mastitis be controlled?

A

Because transmission is linked to the milking process so there is a reservoir of infection

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8
Q

Which kind of mastitis is impossible to eradicate?

A

Environmental

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9
Q

What is the most common mastitis bacteria?

A

Strep uberis

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10
Q

How long does E Coli mastitis tend to last?

A

Transient

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11
Q

What does Strep agalactiae mastitis usually present as?

A

Subclinical

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12
Q

Which bacteria produce the most persistent infection?

A

Gram +ves

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13
Q

Which kind of mastitis is the 5-point control plan good for?

A

Contagious

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14
Q

What is the 5 point control plan?

A

Machine maintenance, teat disinfection post-milking, antibiotic dry cow therapy, prompt treatment and recording, culling if chronic or recurrent

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15
Q

What are clinical signs of systemic mastitis?

A

Fever, anorexia, toxaemia

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16
Q

Why is it useful to grade mastitis severity?

A

To find the causative agents and select a therapy

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17
Q

What is grade 1 mastitis?

A

Changes to secretion only

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18
Q

What is grade 2 mastitis?

A

Changes to secretion and udder

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19
Q

What is grade 3 mastitis?

A

Systemically ill cow

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20
Q

Which bacteria especially causes grade 3 mastitis?

A

Coliform

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21
Q

How do you culture your milk samples?

A

24 hour culture on blood agar

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22
Q

What are 5 ways of detecting subclinical mastitis?

A

Increased somatic cell count, sterile milk culture, electrical conductivity, lactate dehydrogenase, NAGase

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23
Q

Which cells make up the somatic cell count?

A

Epithelial and white blood cells

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24
Q

What is somatic cell count a measure of?

A

Udder stress, damage or irritation

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25
Q

Over what somatic cell count shows infection?

A

200,000

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26
Q

What is the legal EC somatic cell count limit?

A

400,000 per ml

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27
Q

What other factors affect somatic cell count?

A

Age, stage of lactation, season, stress, breed

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28
Q

How do you avoid seasonality in somatic cell count penalties?

A

13 weeks geometric mean

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29
Q

Which cells show infection in milk

A

Neutrophils

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30
Q

Which cells are in healthy milk?

A

Mainly macrophage

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31
Q

What % of UK cows have individual somatic cell levels measured?

A

50%

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32
Q

Which quarters are measured for somatic cell counts?

A

Composite of all quarters

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33
Q

What is the usual somatic cell count cutoff in the UK?

A

200,000/ml

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34
Q

How does a CMT work?

A

Detergent with indicator to break down cell membranes so becomes gelatinous and acid release causes colour change

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35
Q

What do bactoscans measure?

A

Bacteria in bulk milk

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36
Q

Which levels determine milk quality payments?

A

Bactoscans milk levels

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37
Q

What does optimal milk let down require?

A

Oxytocin and pre-stimulation

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38
Q

How does stress affect oxytocin release?

A

Inhibits

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39
Q

What is an advantage of massaging teats while wiping?

A

Stimulates oxytocin release and causes milk ejection

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40
Q

How soon after disinfection should you apply to machine?

A

90 seconds

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41
Q

How can you measure teat cleanliness?

A

From 1-4, or swab for bacteria

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42
Q

How quickly will most cows milk out?

A

5-7 minutes

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43
Q

How can you avoid teat damage when taking off the milking machine?

A

Turn off the vacuum first

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44
Q

How long do the streak canals stay open after milking?

A

1 hour

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45
Q

How can you keep cows standing for 1 hour after milking?

A

Give food

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46
Q

What must you make sure if using a spray to disinfect?

A

Must ensure full coverage

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47
Q

What’s a problem with cracked teat liners?

A

Allows milk to remain

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48
Q

What are signs of damage to the teat from the milking machine?

A

Red teats, swollen, orifice remains open, hard, cyanotic

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49
Q

What are medium term changes from teat damage?

A

Petechiae or larger haemorrhage

50
Q

What does hyperkeratosis of the teat end show?

A

Long-term change from slow or over-milking

51
Q

Above what % of cows showing hyperkeratosis is a problem?

A

10%

52
Q

How can you measure therapy success?

A

Clinical or bacteriological cure

53
Q

What are the three therapeutic targets of treatment?

A

The cow if systemic, the parenchyma of the mammary tissue, the milk, lining, ducts and alveoli of the mammary gland

54
Q

What’s an advantage of intramammary antibiotics?

A

Allow effective concentration to be attained in milk

55
Q

Which pathogens are intramammary antibiotics useful for?

A

Non-invasive like S agalactiae, coagulase -ve Staph, S dysgalactiae

56
Q

How many milkings do you use intramammary antibiotics for?

A

Three

57
Q

Which kind of cure is less likely with intramammary antibiotics?

A

Bacteriological e.g. S uberis and S aureus

58
Q

What kind of infection can still be present after intramammary antibiotics?

A

Subclinical

59
Q

Is milk saleable after intramammary antibiotics?

A

yes

60
Q

What is a problem with intramammary antibiotics?

A

Causes more chronic infections, fibrin and micro-abscesses, 24-36 hour limit for infectiveness

61
Q

Which kind of antibiotics can you use if deep tissues are involved (grade 2)?

A

Parenteral

62
Q

When are parenteral antibiotics indicated?

A

Where pathogens are invasive and create absceses (S aureus and S uberis)

63
Q

What are some examples of parenteral antibiotics used?

A

Erythromycin, potentiated sulphonamides

64
Q

How do you treat grade 1 mastitis?

A

Standard intra-mammary infusion

65
Q

How do you treat grade 2 mastitis?

A

Intramammary infusion and parenteral antibiotics

66
Q

How do you treat grade 3 mastitis?

A

Consult vet

67
Q

What do you do if you have not achieved a clinical cure after repeated cases?

A

Treat for 2-3x longer than normal, give parenteral antibiotics, change tubes

68
Q

When is drying off the whole cow an option?

A

80 days after calving

69
Q

Which is udder mint useful?

A

Increases blood supply

70
Q

What are some adjunct therapies you can try?

A

Steroids, NSAIDs, oxytocin

71
Q

What does therapy for severe mastitis target?

A

Coliform mastitis, treats the bacteraemia not the gland

72
Q

When do you do extended intramammary therapy?

A

Gram +ves

73
Q

How do you treat endotoxic shock?

A

Hypertonic saline, NSAIDs, calcium

74
Q

What dose of hypertonic saline do you use?

A

3l per 600kg

75
Q

Before drying off, what do you reduce yield to?

A

15L

76
Q

How do you dry off?

A

Abruptly, give antibiotics, teat sealant and dry cow diet

77
Q

How much higher is dry period susceptibility than during lactation?

A

10x

78
Q

Why is dry period susceptibiltyi higher?

A

No flushing of bacteria, increased intramammary pressure, stopping of teat disinfection

79
Q

What is resistance to infection like when quiescent?

A

Resistant

80
Q

What is resistance like during colostrogenesis?

A

Increased pressure again

81
Q

Which kind of antibiotics may chronically S aureus infected cows need?

A

Parenteral

82
Q

How do you ensure a cow is not infected at drying off?

A

Using somatic cell count but not if giving antibiotic tubes

83
Q

What are the two types of teat sealant?

A

Internal or external

84
Q

What do you do to cows with persistent high somatic cell counts?

A

Segregate

85
Q

What do you do to cows that don’t respond to antibiotics or are persistently infected?

A

Cull

86
Q

Why do teat lesions make the udder more susceptible to intra-mammary infection?

A

Can be colonised by mastitis bacteria

87
Q

What kind of virus causes cowpox?

A

Orthopoxvirus

88
Q

How common is cowpox?

A

very rare

89
Q

What are clinical signs of cowpox?

A

May be mildly febrile

90
Q

How do you treat cowpox?

A

Usually heals within one month

91
Q

What kind of virus causes pseudocowpox?

A

Parapoxvirus

92
Q

How common is pseudocowpox?

A

More common and milder

93
Q

What do lesions look like in pseudocowpox?

A

Horseshoe-shaped

94
Q

Why is reinfection with pseudocowpox common?

A

Little immunity

95
Q

What does pseudocowpox cause in humans?

A

Milkers nodule

96
Q

Which virus causes Bovine Herpes Mammilitis?

A

BHV-2

97
Q

What do BHV-2 lesions look like?

A

raw and ulcerated and very painful

98
Q

How do you treat BHV-2?

A

Emollients and aciclovir

99
Q

Which viruses cause warts?

A

BPV-1,5,6

100
Q

What kind of warts can occur on teats caused by BPV?

A

Papillomas and fibropapillomas

101
Q

How is BPV spread?

A

Direct and indirect contact

102
Q

What problems can warts cause?

A

Can interfere with milking

103
Q

How do you treat warts?

A

Surgical excision

104
Q

What kind of prevention is available for warts?

A

Autogenous vaccine

105
Q

What bacteria causes Black Spot?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

106
Q

What initaited black spot?

A

Damage to teat orifice from the milking machine

107
Q

What is milking like during black spot infection?

A

Incomplete and slow

108
Q

What bacteria causes udder impetigo?

A

Staph spp

109
Q

What does udder impetigo look like?

A

Pustules of udder and teats

110
Q

How do you treat udder impetigo?

A

treat by antiseptic skin until resolution

111
Q

What causes udder cleft dermatitis?

A

Treponemes

112
Q

What are clinical signs of summer mastitis?

A

Inflamed swollen teats, purulent and foul smelling secretion, secretory function lost, joints swollen, toxaemia, abortion, death

113
Q

What bacteria causes summer mastitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenes, also others

114
Q

How does summer mastitis spread?

A

headfly so occurence relates to fly habitat

115
Q

What are risk factors for summer mastitis?

A

No dry cow therapy, flies, autumn calving, teat damage, age

116
Q

Which training helps farmers avoid antibiotics in milk?

A

Milksure

117
Q

Which bacteria can you vaccinate against?

A

S aureus and coliforms

118
Q

How does coliform vaccine affect severity and incidence?

A

Reduces severity but not incidence

119
Q

What are some clinical mastitis parameters?

A

% herd affected, case rate, new infection rate, case:cow ratio, repeat case rate, chronic rate, antibiotic tube usage

120
Q

How can bull choice affect mastitis?

A

Somatic cell count in bull proofs

Cattle Medicine (14 decks)

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