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Cattle Medicine > 3 + 4: Diarrhoea in Calves > Flashcards

3 + 4: Diarrhoea in Calves Flashcards

1
Q

What % of fluid in the gut is from secretion?

A

80%

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2
Q

What % of water in the gut is absorbed?

A

95%

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3
Q

What kind of diarrhoea does ETEC cause?

A

Intestinal hypersecretion from enterotoxins

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4
Q

What kind of diarrhoea do rotavirus and coronavirus cause?

A

Malabsorptive from villous atrophy

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5
Q

Which part of the intestine does osmotic diarrhoea affect?

A

Diffuse intestinal

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6
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhoea?

A

CHO malabsorption including dietary intolerance, saline laxatives, overfeeding of normally digestible CHOs

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Viruses

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8
Q

What happens to osmotic diarrhoea after feeding?

A

Gets worse

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9
Q

Why is faecal pH acidic in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Due to lactic acid

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10
Q

Why does volume increase less in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Due to compensatory absorption

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11
Q

What is the osmolality of the stool like in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

High osmolality stool with an “osmolal gap” between electrolytes and sugars

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12
Q

What causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Bacterial enterotoxins

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13
Q

What is the mucosa like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Elevated

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15
Q

What is osmolality like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Normal, accounted for by electrolytes

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16
Q

What is volume like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Very large, but absorptive mechanisms intact

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17
Q

What is pH like in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Normal or alkaline

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18
Q

What is the function of the villi?

A

Enzymes for absorption

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19
Q

What is the function of the crypt cells?

A

Only secrete Cl- and HCO3-, Na and water follow

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20
Q

Normally, is villous absorption or crypt secretion greater?

A

Villous absorption

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21
Q

Why does villous atrophy give increased secretion?

A

Crypt hyperplasia

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22
Q

Which toxins mediate ETEC hypersecretion?

A

ST and LT

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23
Q

How does ETEC enter the intestine?

A

Attaches to the mucosa in large numbers

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24
Q

Which part of the intestine is overwhelmed in ETEC?

A

Absorptive capacity of the LI

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25
Q

Why can you use glucose-electrolyte solutions in ETEC?

A

Doesn’t affect substrate-linked Na absorption

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26
Q

What happens to the microvilli in EHEC?

A

Lost

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27
Q

What kind of virus is rotavirus?

A

dsRNA

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28
Q

What rotavirus group affects calves?

A

A

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29
Q

What kind of scour does rotavirus give?

A

“White scour”, mild

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30
Q

How many farms have rotavirus?

A

Endemic on most farms

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31
Q

At what age is rotavirus peak incidence?

A

10 days

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32
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

A

15 hours to 5 days

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33
Q

How long does rotavirus disease last?

A

4-8 days

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34
Q

How can you prevent rotavirus?

A

Vaccinate dam, manage exposure, increase antibody protection

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35
Q

Is rotavirus or coronavirus more common?

A

Rotavirus

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36
Q

Is rotavirus or coronavirus more severe?

A

Coronavirus

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37
Q

What kind of virus is coronavirus?

A

ssRNA

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38
Q

What kind of scour does coronavirus give?

A

Watery yellow with clots and mucous

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39
Q

What age calves get coronavirus?

A

1-3 weeks

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40
Q

What is the incubation of coronavirus?

A

20-30 hours

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41
Q

How long is the course on infection in coronavirus?

A

4-5 days

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42
Q

Which part of the intestine is affected in coronavirus?

A

LI

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43
Q

Is there a vaccine for coronavirus?

A

None

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44
Q

How do you diagnose coronavirus?

A

EM of faecal sample

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45
Q

How do you identify which E Coli strain you are dealing with?

A

Fimbrial antigens

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46
Q

Where is the extra-host maturation stage in crypto?

A

None

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47
Q

Which age calves get crypto?

A

7-14 days

48
Q

At which age does crypto infection peak?

A

14 days

49
Q

How long is the incubation of crypto?

A

2-4 days

50
Q

What kind of scour does crypto give?

A

Watery green with mucous and sometimes blood

51
Q

How many days does crypto infection last?

A

2-14, usually 7

52
Q

What is morbidity and mortality like in crypto?

A

High morbidity, low mortality

53
Q

Which part of the intestine does crypto affect?

A

LI

54
Q

What do the villi look like in crypto?

A

Villi surface heavily infected, exfoliated enterocytes at tips

55
Q

How useful are coccidiastats in crypto?

A

Limited

56
Q

What disinfectants is crypto sensitive to?

A

Ammonia, formalin, freezing, steam

57
Q

How do you diagnose crypto?

A

See oocysts in faecal smears

58
Q

How do you treat crypto?

A

Self-limiting

59
Q

Which two infections often occur together leading to high moebidity?

A

Crypto and rotavirus

60
Q

What are the most common causes of disease in dairy/suckler beef?

A

Crypto and rotavirus

61
Q

In which units is Salmonella mostly seen?

A

Calf rearer

62
Q

What % of weaned calves have Campylobacter?

A

80%

63
Q

What kind of scour does persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea give?

A

Grey-brown

64
Q

What age calves get persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?

A

3-10 weeks

65
Q

What causes persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?

A

Poor quality milk replacer

66
Q

What is morbidity and mortality like in persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?

A

High morbidity, low mortality

67
Q

How do you treat persistent peri-weaning calf diarrhoea?

A

Try diet, management etc

68
Q

Which kind of calves get necrotising enteritis?

A

Beef suckler calves

69
Q

What age calves get necrotising enteritis?

A

2-4 months

70
Q

What time of year do you see necrotising enteritis?

A

June/July (the Spring-born calves at pasture)

71
Q

What is morbidity and mortality like in necrotising enteritis?

A

Low morbidity, high mortality

72
Q

Why does necrotising enteritis look like BVDV?

A

Recurs every year

73
Q

What kind of scour does necrotising enteritis give?

A

Profuse, muco-haemorrhagic

74
Q

After how long does death occur in necrotising enteritis?

A

7-10 days

75
Q

How do you treat necrotising enteritis?

A

Symptomatically

76
Q

How does loss of ECF eventually lead to death?

A

Via acidosis to hyperK

77
Q

What other problem does ECF loss give?

A

hypoNa

78
Q

Which kind of calves in acidosis more pronounced in?

A

Older, depressed

79
Q

Do you need severe dehydration to get acidosis?

A

No

80
Q

Why is acidosis more common in older calves?

A

More able to hide illness than neonate

81
Q

What does a Harleco apparatus do?

A

Allows immediate estimation of the acid-base status

82
Q

How does a Harleco apparatus work?

A

Displaces CO2 with lactic acid

83
Q

What is the acidosis like if there is less CO2?

A

More severe

84
Q

What other conditions can you use a Harleco apparatus for?

A

Intestinal obstruction, toxic mastitis

85
Q

How do you correct acidosis?

A

IV HaHCO3 (isotonic)

86
Q

How many mmol HCO3 should you give?

A

200-400mmol spike

87
Q

Which calves should you give IV fluids to?

A

Off suck, depressed, over 8% dehydrated

88
Q

What happens to osmotic diarrhoea if you continue to feed?

A

get worse

89
Q

How do you treat osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Withdraw milk and give oral fluids for 1-3 days if depressed and doesn’t want to suck or if faeces are acidic

90
Q

How should you re-introduce feed during osmotic diarrhoea treatment?

A

After three days, re-introduce at 5% bodyweight for 24 hours

91
Q

How do you treat malnutrition in osmotic diarrhoea?

A

If depressed, give high energy oral fluids

92
Q

Do you withdraw milk in secretory diarrhoea?

A

No - no reason to

93
Q

What pH are faeces in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Alkaline

94
Q

How do you treat secretory diarrhoea?

A

Rehydrate with oral fluids (% dehydration x body weight)

95
Q

Which secretory diarrhoea has good results following treatments?

A

Uncomplicated ETEC

96
Q

Why are secretory diarrhoea cases with gut inflammation a challenge?

A

Absorption is decreased

97
Q

Why should you consider IV glucose fluids in secretory diarrhoea?

A

Oral may exacerbate diarrhoea

98
Q

Where is the majority of the electrolyte loss from?

A

ECF

99
Q

Which electrolytes do you give if loss is from the ECF?

A

Na and Cl

100
Q

What else must fluids contain as well as electolytes?

A

GLucose, and alkalinising agents e.g. bicarbonate, l-lactate, acetate

101
Q

Which alkalinising agents should you not use in IV fluids?

A

Gluconate and d-lactate

102
Q

What can overdosing bicarb give?

A

Alkalosis, or paradoxical cerebrospinal acidosis

103
Q

What problems can hypertonic bicarb cause?

A

HyperNa or hyperosmolality causing CSF haemorrhage

104
Q

What is ideal mmol/L of bicarb?

A

40-80

105
Q

Why should you not use actual bicarb when feeding?

A

Interferes with digestion

106
Q

What is a problem with giving hyperosmotic solutions?

A

Osmolality delays gastric emptying

107
Q

What % of a calf’s energy requirement can fluids provide?

A

80%

108
Q

How energy dense is fluids compared to milk?

A

46%

109
Q

Why is Hartmann’s not good for severe cases?

A

Acidic and can’t add bicarb

110
Q

So what should you use instead of Hartmann’s?

A

Just saline and bicarb

111
Q

What % glucose should you give if the calf is emaciated?

A

5%

112
Q

When is the only time a calf needs nutritional support in fluids?

A

Emaciated, or off milk for 3 days

113
Q

Which are some potential issues with fluid overload?

A

CNS oedema, congestive heart failure, resp distress

114
Q

Which fluids are especially dangerous for overload?

A

High Na or low protein

115
Q

What is a problem with correcting hypoCa or acidosis in animals with decreased whole-body potassium?

A

Precipitates hypoK as increased renal excretion

Cattle Medicine (14 decks)

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