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Cattle Medicine > 2: Health Management of Dairy Calves > Flashcards

2: Health Management of Dairy Calves Flashcards

1
Q

What % of a dairy herd are replaced each year?

A

20-25%

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2
Q

What % of replacement heifers die within 2 years?

A

12%

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3
Q

What do replacement heifers usually die of?

A

Diarrhoea in the first four weeks

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4
Q

What are you no longer allowed to use to treat ringworm in food producing animals?

A

Grisofulvin

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5
Q

What is the biggest cause of chronic diarrhoea in calves?

A

Milk replacer

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6
Q

Where should all protein in milk replacer be derived from?

A

Milk

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7
Q

What % fat should milk replacer be?

A

18-25%, higher if outdoor

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8
Q

Where should fat in milk replacer be from?

A

Vegetable oil

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9
Q

When made up, what sensory qualities must the milk replacer have?

A

Not smell and remain in suspension

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10
Q

What weight of milk replacer must a calf get per day?

A

600g/day in a 12.5% solution

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11
Q

How can nutritional scour become a welfare issue?

A

Can cause skin irritation and fur loss

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12
Q

How can you treat joint ill?

A

Antibiotics and flushing

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13
Q

What’s a problem with a cow that becomes chronically joint ill?

A

Permanently lame so lose any profit

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14
Q

Which kind of stock are the biggest source of pathogens?

A

Older

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15
Q

What are phenols like as disinfectants?

A

Nasty, but good penetrating power

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16
Q

What is hypochlorite like as a disinfectant?

A

Good spectrum, but inactivated as diluted

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17
Q

What is quaternary ammonium like as a disinfectant?

A

Easily inactivated

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18
Q

What is formaldehyde like as a disinfectant?

A

Slow and difficult to use

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19
Q

Which kind of surfaces are easier to clean?

A

Painted

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20
Q

What accumulates in the mammary gland in the 3-5 weeks before parturition?

A

IgG1

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21
Q

Which IgG is not sequestered in the mammary gland?

A

IgG2

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22
Q

What happens to serum IgG1 in the 2-3 weeks before parturition?

A

Drops by 50%

23
Q

Why does a calf not digest all the Ig?

A

pH doesn’t fall as low so there is less activation of proteolytic enzymes

24
Q

After what point is it no use giving colostrum?

A

2 days

25
Q

Ideally, when should colostrum be given?

A

The first 12 hours

26
Q

How much fat and Ig does good colostrum have?

A

100g/L of Ig, very high fat

27
Q

Which factors decrease colostrum quality?

A

Foremilking, mastitis, short dry period, immaturity, immunologicla naivety

28
Q

How long should the dry period be?

A

6-8 weeks

29
Q

What factors affect colostrum quantity?

A

Breed, husbandry system, parity of dam, calf vitality, plane of nutrition, mothering insincts

30
Q

Which factors increase speed of colostrum transfer?

A

Good stockmanship, calf vitality, strong mothering instincts

31
Q

Which factors decrease speed of colostrum transfer?

A

Dystocia, milk fever, poor udder conformation, poor teat conformation, distractions, slippery floors, rough terrain

32
Q

How should you store colostrum?

A

Frozen in 1-5 litre packs, only the first milking

33
Q

How should you thaw colostrum?

A

Slowly

34
Q

How many cows milk should you store together?

A

Only one, especially in Johne’s disease

35
Q

What should the specific gravity of colostrum be?

A

Greater than 1.060

36
Q

Can you use soured colostrum?

A

Yes, still has good Ig levels

37
Q

How can you make soured colostrum palatable?

A

Use bicarbonate

38
Q

Why can you still give colostrum to an older calf?

A

Still has therapeutic value

39
Q

How much colostrum should you give in the first 6 hours?

A

2-3 litres (6 pints)

40
Q

How much colostrum should you give in the second six hours?

A

Same again

41
Q

Below what g/L of Ig shows severe FPT?

A

Below 4

42
Q

What g/L of Ig shows partial FPT?

A

4-8

43
Q

Above what g/L of Ig is normal?

A

8

44
Q

What is the problem with testing for FPT using total protein?

A

Affected by hydration

45
Q

What are two other ways of testing for FPT?

A

ZnSO4 turbidity test, radial immunodiffusion

46
Q

Which test for FPT is best?

A

Radial immunodiffusion

47
Q

What is the problem with radial immunodiffusion?

A

May take 18 hours

48
Q

What are three consequences of FPT?

A

Omphalophlebitis, septic arthritis, septicaemic colibacillosis

49
Q

What age animals get septcaemic colibacillosis?

A

Under 2 weeks old

50
Q

What are clinical signs of septicaemic colibacillosis?

A

Acute progressive depression, collapse, diarrhoea

51
Q

What causes septicaemic colibacillosis?

A

E Coli

52
Q

Where may septicaemic colibacillosis localise?

A

Joints or meninges

53
Q

What are the 5 Cs of successful calf rearing?

A

Colostrum, cleanliness, consistency, calories, comfort

Cattle Medicine (14 decks)

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