5-3 articulation physiology II Flashcards by elise beckman

active vs passive articulators

one moves & one is just there

usually have both

place of articulation usually named after passive articulator

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bilabial

upper & lower lip

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
orbicularis oris & mentalis - close LL
levator & depressor anguli oris - squeezes lips together

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labiodental

upper & lower lip

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
oribicularis oris & risorius - spreads mouth out, pulls sides away from each other

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interdental

coronal

tongue tip & upper front teeth

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
posterior GG, transverse & vertical - elongation
SL - raise tip

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alveolar

coronal

tongue tip & alveolar ridge

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
GG, SL - raise tongue tip

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palatoalveolar

coronal

tongue blade & hard palate

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
GG, styloglossus - raise tongue body
IL - lower tongue tip

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retroflex

coronal

tongue tip & hard palate

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
SL - raises tongue tip

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palatal

dorsal

front of tongue & hard/soft palate

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise body

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velar

dorsal

back of tongue & velum

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise tongue body

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uvular

dorsal

back of tongue & uvula

medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise tongue body

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glottal

produced at vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoid & interaarytenoid - adduction
thyroarytenoid - tension & medial compression

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coarticulation: same articulator
(consonant & vowel)

speech is not a sequence of individual movements or sounds

movements for different sounds overlap

overlap creates variability in the specifics of these movements

/k/ in “key” is not the same as /k/ in “cool”
/k/ goal = constriction w/ body near velum
/i/ goal - constriction w/ body near hard palate
meet in middle

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coarticulation: same articulator
(2 consonants)

no overlap

ten vs tenth

when you say ten you end w/ tongue tip @ alveolar ridge

when you say ten(th) you end w/ tongue tip against teeth

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coarticulation: different articulators

deed vs dude

idi vs ada vs udu
tongue body doesn’t move, only the tip

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goal of consonant production

make particular constrictions

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evidence for constriction as goal of production

not everyone makes sounds the same exact way (bunched vs retroflex /r/)

muscles separately will have lots of variation - when combined there is less variation – suggesting constriction over movement

when LL is pushed down, UL & J compensate to create same constriction
this doesn’t happen for sounds where we don’t need LL

hydrostats

something made of water

fixed volume

incompressible

compressing 1 portion will cause expansion elsewhere

why is the tongue a hydrostat

muscle is mainly water

tongue is a muscle

tongue is a muscular hydrostat

shorten the tongue

superior & inferior longitudinal

lengthen the tongue

transverse & vertical

deviate the tongue left or right

unilateral contraction of SL & IL

compress the sides of the tongue
(narrow the tongue)

transverse

raise the tongue tip

depress the tongue tip

create a groove in the tongue

vertical (genioglossus)

protrude the tongue

posterior genioglossus, vertical & transverse

constriction degree

approximants - wide constriction fricatives - narrow constriction stops - full closure

sibilant fricatives

louder & higher frequency groove in tongue creates a jet of air that runs into the front teeth groove = GG & vertical

escape channel

nasal or oral central or lateral

nasal vs oral

velum lowered = nasal velum raises = oral velum typically raised during speech

central vs lateral

for most sounds air passes through the center of oral cavity laterals only occur for sounds produced w/ the tongue tip - actively pull down/in sides of tongue or - elongate body

sound source

vocal fold vibration turbulent air oral pressure release some sounds have more than one source

vocal fold vibration

voiced = vibration voiceless = no vibration

turbulent air

narrow constriction causes turblence causes sound fricatives

number of constrictions

most consonants are produced w/ a single constriction in the oral cavity some have more than one -- approximants

rhotic variability

/r/ has 3 constrictions 1. bilabial 2. coronal 3. pharyngeal only 1 way to create bilabial & phayngeal coronal can be bunched or retroflex