5-3 articulation physiology II Flashcards
active vs passive articulators
one moves & one is just there
usually have both
place of articulation usually named after passive articulator
bilabial
upper & lower lip
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
orbicularis oris & mentalis - close LL
levator & depressor anguli oris - squeezes lips together
labiodental
upper & lower lip
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
oribicularis oris & risorius - spreads mouth out, pulls sides away from each other
interdental
coronal
tongue tip & upper front teeth
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
posterior GG, transverse & vertical - elongation
SL - raise tip
alveolar
coronal
tongue tip & alveolar ridge
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
GG, SL - raise tongue tip
palatoalveolar
coronal
tongue blade & hard palate
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
GG, styloglossus - raise tongue body
IL - lower tongue tip
retroflex
coronal
tongue tip & hard palate
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
SL - raises tongue tip
palatal
dorsal
front of tongue & hard/soft palate
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise body
velar
dorsal
back of tongue & velum
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise tongue body
uvular
dorsal
back of tongue & uvula
medial pterygoid - closes jaw
ant & post GG, palatoglossus, styloglossus - raise tongue body
glottal
produced at vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid & interaarytenoid - adduction
thyroarytenoid - tension & medial compression
coarticulation: same articulator
(consonant & vowel)
speech is not a sequence of individual movements or sounds
movements for different sounds overlap
overlap creates variability in the specifics of these movements
/k/ in “key” is not the same as /k/ in “cool”
/k/ goal = constriction w/ body near velum
/i/ goal - constriction w/ body near hard palate
meet in middle
coarticulation: same articulator
(2 consonants)
no overlap
ten vs tenth
when you say ten you end w/ tongue tip @ alveolar ridge
when you say ten(th) you end w/ tongue tip against teeth
coarticulation: different articulators
deed vs dude
idi vs ada vs udu
tongue body doesn’t move, only the tip
goal of consonant production
make particular constrictions
evidence for constriction as goal of production
not everyone makes sounds the same exact way (bunched vs retroflex /r/)
muscles separately will have lots of variation - when combined there is less variation – suggesting constriction over movement
when LL is pushed down, UL & J compensate to create same constriction
this doesn’t happen for sounds where we don’t need LL
hydrostats
something made of water
fixed volume
incompressible
compressing 1 portion will cause expansion elsewhere
why is the tongue a hydrostat
muscle is mainly water
tongue is a muscle
tongue is a muscular hydrostat
shorten the tongue
superior & inferior longitudinal
lengthen the tongue
transverse & vertical
deviate the tongue left or right
unilateral contraction of SL & IL
compress the sides of the tongue
(narrow the tongue)
transverse
raise the tongue tip
SL
depress the tongue tip
IL
create a groove in the tongue
vertical (genioglossus)
protrude the tongue
posterior genioglossus, vertical & transverse
constriction degree
approximants - wide constriction
fricatives - narrow constriction
stops - full closure
sibilant fricatives
louder & higher frequency
groove in tongue creates a jet of air that runs into the front teeth
groove = GG & vertical
escape channel
nasal or oral
central or lateral
nasal vs oral
velum lowered = nasal
velum raises = oral
velum typically raised during speech
central vs lateral
for most sounds air passes through the center of oral cavity
laterals only occur for sounds produced w/ the tongue tip
- actively pull down/in sides of tongue
or
- elongate body
sound source
vocal fold vibration
turbulent air
oral pressure release
some sounds have more than one source
vocal fold vibration
voiced = vibration
voiceless = no vibration
turbulent air
narrow constriction causes turblence causes sound
fricatives
number of constrictions
most consonants are produced w/ a single constriction in the oral cavity
some have more than one – approximants
rhotic variability
/r/ has 3 constrictions
1. bilabial
2. coronal
3. pharyngeal
only 1 way to create bilabial & phayngeal
coronal can be bunched or retroflex
