5

Question 1

pinocytosis

Answer 1

extracellular water is taken in along with any molecules that happen to be in solution in the water

Question 2

cellular respiration can be divided into 3 phases

Answer 2

• glycolysis - enzymes break down a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
• pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
• oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

3 major concepts of glycolysis

Answer 3

• 5 step energy investment followed by 5 step energy payoff. 2 ATP are used in beginning but 4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced
• no carbon is lost however potential energy is lower because glucose has been oxidized
• ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 4

what happens before the citric acid cycle can happen?

Answer 4

The pyruvate after glycolysis is oxidized to an acetyl group. One of the 3 carbons is released as CO2 and CoA is used to carry this to the citric acid cycle

Question 5

what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle

Answer 5

it is the stage of respiration where the remaining carbon atoms are converted to carbon dioxide

Question 6

3 major concepts of glycolysis

Answer 6

• 5 step energy investment followed by 5 step energy payoff. 2 ATP are used in beginning but 4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced
• no carbon is lost however potential energy is lower because glucose has been oxidized
• ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 7

5 first steps to Glycolysis starting with one molecule of glucose

Answer 7

1. Glucose gets a phosphate group
2. glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged into its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate.
3. Another phosphate group is added (fructose-1, 6-phosphate
4. it is split into G3P and DAP (hydrolysis reaction)
5. The DAP is converted to G3P too so now we have two molecules of G3P

Question 8

Last 5 steps of Glycolysis starting with 2 G3P

Answer 8

6. phosphate group is added
7. one of the phosphate groups is transferred to ADP to make ATP
8. it is rearranged shifting the phosphate group
9. A molecule of H2O is released
10. The remaining phosphate group is again used to make another ATP

Question 9

Kinases

Answer 9

enzymes that phosphorylate molecules

Question 10

Substrate level phosphorylation happens in what cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation happens in what cycle

Answer 10

• Glycolysis

- electron transport chain