2

Question 1

amphipathic molecules and an example

Answer 1

molecules that possess both nonpolar and polar regions

Question 2

what does the nucleus have around it

Answer 2

two membrane phospholipid bilayers which surrounding the nucleus - nuclear envelope

Question 3

what is the nucleus comprised of

Answer 3

• filled with chromatin - DNA as dispersed chromosomes

- organizing proteins that help package up chromosomes during interphase

Question 4

functions of the Rough ER and Smooth ER

Answer 4

• rough-glycosylation - synthesis of proteins by adding a carbohydrate and sending the proteins out to other parts
• smooth- synthesis of lipids

Question 5

Golgi Apparatus functions (3)

Answer 5

• glycosylation
• protein sorting when protein enters cis face
• secretion - cargo coming into cis face of Golgi leaves as secretary vesicles and expelled out of the cell later

Question 6

Lysosomes proceed in three ways

Answer 6

• autophagy - a defective organelle in cytosol becomes surrounded by membrane to form an autophagasome which fuses with lysosomes
• endocytosis - vesicle with its cargo pinches off from cell membrane and enters cytosol then fuses with lysosome
• phagocytosis - a large vesicle surrounds and engulfs bacterium and fuses to a lysosome

Question 7

central vacuole (2)
contractile vacuole
food vacuole

Answer 7

-storage reservoir in plant cells
provides turgor pressure so that plant cell doesn’t remain in a wilted state
-in protists, adjusts the cell size
-small food particles are engulfed for later use

Question 8

evidence of theory of endosymbiosis (8)

Answer 8

• size of prokaryotic cells now
• same shape for mitochondria and prokaryotic cell
• a cell cannot assemble new mitochondria and chloroplasts
• mito and chlor have thier own DNA content
• also have thier own ribosomes
• also have double membranes
• lots of the proteins for functioning mitochondria are now encoded from the genome in nucleus
• endomembrane system forming from pickets in the earlier cell membrane

Question 9

Oparin Haldane hypothesis

Answer 9

the abundance of electrons and hydrogen in gases could foster reactions leading to larger, more complex molecules, especially when exposed to lightning

Question 10

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

the total disorder or entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases, so some energy is always lost