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Question 1

Write down methemoglobinemia agents? (7)

Answer 1

1. Directly-acting agents
2. Indirectly-acting agents
3. Nitrites
4. Chlorates
5. Carbomates
6. Oxides of nitrogen
7. Aromatic nitro and amino compounds

Question 2

Write down the mechanism of action and typical clinical symptoms of Zn₃P₂ intoxication?

Answer 2

Mechanism of action
* In acid environment of stomach or in contact with water => Hydrogen phosphide (HP₃) is released form zinc phosphide (highly toxic)

Clinical symptoms
* Apathy
* Agitation
* Rigidity
* Black vomit and faeces
* Staggering movement
* Spasms
* Death

Question 3

Mycotoxins may be divided into 4 groups according to their affect on organism?

Answer 3

1. Hepatotoxic effect
2. Provoking hemorrhagic syndrome
3. Provoking photodynamic effect
4. Other effects

Question 4

Write down ethology of poisoning?

Answer 4

Poison is every chemical substance qualitatively or quantitatively, different from the organism and its harmful from the chemical or physical aspects
Entering by per os, per inhalation or per cutis

Question 5

Mechanism of action of heavy metals?

Answer 5

Exert their toxic effects by combining with one or more reactive groups of enzymes that are essential for normal physiologic functions - SH groups, which are essential for the activity of certain enzymes

Question 6

Treatment of Cyanide poisoning?

Answer 6

Formation of methemoglobin with the afministration of nitrites
* Ferric ion of methemoglobin acts as an alternative site to cytochrome oxidase for cyanide binding.
* Cyanomethemoglobin is formed
* MtHb reacts with cyanide to produce methemoglobin cyanide (MtHb-CN) and displaces the cyanide ion from its bond with sytochrom oxidase
* Methylene blue is used

Sodium thiosulfate
* Produces the relatively non toxic thiocyanate (SCN), which is then excreted by the kidneys

Question 7

Ethology of poisoning in domestic and wildlife animals? (9)

Answer 7

1. Pesticides
2. Fertilizers
3. Chemical food additives and chemotherapeutics
4. Chemical dangerous substances of industrial emissions
5. Chemical hazardous (Harmful) substances of water waste
6. Mycotoxins
7. Alkaloids and Glucosides
8. Poisons of animal origin
9. Radiotoxins

Question 8

Advantages of Pyrethroids?

Answer 8

• Fast action
• Reversible effect - blockade of synapse, can be reversed with atropine
• Fast degradation in environment
• Can be combined with other types of insecticides

Question 9

What is intoxication?

Answer 9

It is the disease of the organism with certain clinical symptomatology caused by absorbable noxa (poison) after its penetration per os, per inhalationem and per cutis (mostly with food and water)

Question 10

Definition of poison?

Answer 10

A poison is any substance applied to, entering or developed within the body, which causes, or may cause, a disturbance of function or other damage