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Question 1

Clinical signs in nitrite poisoning are as follows?

Answer 1

• Rapid, weaak heart beat
• Subnormal body temperatures
• Muscular tremors
• Weakness and Ataxia
• Cyanotic mucous membrane
• Dyspnea, trachypnea
• Anxiety
• Frequent urination

Question 2

Write down the advantages of pyretriods? (4)

Answer 2

1. More effective at killing insects
2. Low concentration
3. Quick degradation
4. Short acting

Question 3

Write down the routes of excretion for toxic compounds?

Answer 3

• Kidneys into urine
• Secretion into the bile
• Excretion into the expired air from the lungs for volatile and gaseous compounds
• Secretion to the GIT, Milk, Sweat, Tears or Semen

Question 4

Write 3 stages of nitrate and nitrite poisoning?

Answer 4

1. Nitrate stage
2. Nitrite stage
3. Methemoglobinemic stage

Question 5

Write down the principal types of chemical reactions in the metabolism of foreign compounds?

Answer 5

• Unchanged form
• Broken down totally
• Metabolized organism

Question 6

Write down the main sources of intoxications for fish? (9)

Answer 6

1. Cyanides, phenols, sudden pH change (+/- 6.5-8.5)
2. Change in temperature
3. Increase of NH3 concentration
4. Contamination with lethal concentration of H2S
5. Increased concentration of active chlorine (Cl2), metals and their salts
6. Tensides
7. Agrochemicals
8. Petroleum and its products
9. Water waste from industries

Question 7

Write down the therapy of arsenic poisoning?

Answer 7

1. Emetics
2. Gastric lavage
3. Sodium thiosulphate
4. Mucilaginous or pasty preparation
5. Antidotal therapy, based on BAL and D-penicillamine
6. Symptomatic therapy

Question 8

Write down the classification of poisonous plants according to their clinical effects and active substances that they contain? (8)

Answer 8

1. Plants containing alkaloids
2. Plant containing glycosides
3. Oxalet-containing plants
4. Seizure producing plants
5. Plants containing phytotoxins
6. Skin sensitising plants
7. Gastroenteritis producing
8. other

Question 9

Write down the therapy of lead poisoning?

Answer 9

1. BAL-dimercaprol, acts to chelate both intracellular and extracellularly. Two BAL molecules bind with one atom of lead form a complex that is excreated by urine
2. CaEDTA- Used for both acute and chronic poisonings. Forms a stable, soluble, nontoxic, nonionic complex with lead ions. It removes it from EC compartments in soft tissue, CNS tissue and RBCs, increasis urinary excretion

Question 10

Write down factors influencing the toxicity of urea in cattle?

Answer 10

1. Individual sensitivity
2. Health of organism
3. pH of rumen content
4. Structure of food
5. Form or Urea
6. Habituation of ruminants