1 Flashcards
Write down pathological derivatives of hemoglobin? (5)
- Methemoglobin
- Carboxyhemoglobin
- Sulfurhemoglobin
- Cyanohemoglobin
- Methemoglobin cyanid
Write down the methods used for detection of chemical substances in the toxicological laboratory? (7)
- Spectrophotometry (UV,Infra-red, visible light)
- Mass spectrometry
- Atomic absorbing spectophotometry
- Polarography
- Physical methods
- Thermo emission method
- Chromatography (TLC, GC, ?)
Write down the exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the toxicity of poisons? (7 + 5)
Exogenous:
1. Stress
2. Dose
3. Physical-Chemical properties
4. Accumulation
5. Diet (Combined action)
6. Duration and frequency of exposure
7. Synergism and antagonism
Endogenous:
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Species difference
4. Nutrition, health and condition
5. Genetic background
What is LD50?
It is the dose that kills 50% of the animals tested
The disposition of a toxic compound in a biological system may be divided into 4 phases?
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion (Elimination)
The diagnosis of intoxication consists of? (5)
- Anamnesis
- Clinical symptoms
- Postmortem pictures
- Chemical-Toxicological Analysis (CHTA)
- Biological experiment
Write down the OECD tests used for testing of the chemical compounds? (8)
- Acute oral toxicity test
- Inhalation test
- Skin sensibility
- Reproductive test
- Carcinogenicity test
- Mutagenicity test
- Chronic and Subchronic test
- Immunotoxicity test
Write down three (3) groups of symptoms in organophosphate poisoning?
- Muscarinic effect
- Nicotinic effect
- CNS
The characteristic clinical signs of DNOC poisoning are?
- Fatigue
- Rapid and difficult respiration
- Sweating (Only some)
- Thirst
- Oliguria
- Muscular weakness
- Increased body temperature
- Spasms resulting in death
- Rigor mortis immediately after death
- Yellow mucous membranes, skin, hair and feathers
Write down 3 major sites for the absorption of foreign compounds?
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Skin + Mucous membranes
- Inhalation
Describe the fate and utilization of Urea (ammonia) in the animal organism?
- In rumen urea is degradated by hydrolysis very quicklyIn
- The effect is of the microbe and plant enzyme - urease and ammonia rises as a result of the reaction
- Urea is hydrolyzed andserved as a source of N2 for microbes again. The rest is eliminated with urine.
Urease
UREA ————> CO2 + 2NH3
+H2O
( the rumen, ammonia is used as a source of nitrogen for synthesis of Amino Acid’s, when there is too much it will go to the liver where it is converted to Urea and sent back to rumen)
