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Ophthalmology 2020 > 4th Year Additions > Flashcards

4th Year Additions Flashcards

1
Q

sub-types of cataracts

A
  1. cortical (spoke-like pattern)
  2. nuclear sclerotic (most common - progressive brown/green appearance)
  3. posterior sub-capsular
  4. mature (white)
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2
Q

what is retrobulbar neuritis?

A

inflammation that occurs behind the optic nerve head

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3
Q

presentation of retrobulbar neuritis

A

vision drops then gradually improves

optic nerve is spared so there is no disc swelling

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4
Q

what is neuroretinitis?

A

sub-type of optic neuritis

with inflammation of the retina and optic nerve

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5
Q

what is seen on fundoscopy in neuroretinitis?

A

macular start

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6
Q

where are forniceal injections given?

A

around the edge

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7
Q

to what age are children’s eyes developing?

A

6

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8
Q

diagnosis of squints?

A

corneal reflections
cover test
logMAR test

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9
Q

causes of squint

A 
hypermetropia
congenital
nerve palsies
orbit problems e.g. blow-out fracture
muscle problems= MG, Daune's, Brown's or fibrosis
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10
Q

management of squint

A

correct refractive error
treat ambylopia
surgery

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11
Q

management of ambylopia

A

patching or atropine in good eye

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12
Q

what is a phoria?

A

latent squint, often symmetrical whereas manifest squint is unilateral

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13
Q

causes of an absent red reflex?

A

neuroblastoma
cataract
coloboma

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14
Q

what is a coloboma?

A

failure to fuse into a circle, such as iris, choroid, etc. Hole in the eye

cat eye?

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15
Q

what is ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

conjunctivitis of the neonate

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16
Q

presentation of blocked nasolacrimal duct?

A

presents every2 months with sticky eyes + white uninflamed

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17
Q

diagnosis of blocked nasolacrimal duct?

A

fluorescein dye

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18
Q

management of blocked nasolacrimal duct

A

most resolve spontaneously

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19
Q

classification of amblyopia

A
  1. strabismus
  2. anisometropic
  3. stimulus deprivation
  4. ametropic
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20
Q

what is anisometropic?

A

unequal refractive error

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21
Q

what is stimulus deprivation causes?

A

congenital cataracts

ptosis

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22
Q

what is ametropic?

A

bilateral refractive error (very high prescription)

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23
Q

what vision does glaucoma affect first?

A

peripheral vision (tunnel vision)

24
Q

methods for measuring IOP

A
  1. non-contact tonometry

2. Goldmann applanation tonometry

25
Q

what is non-contact tonometry?

A

involves shooting a puff of air at the cornea and measuring response

26
Q

what is Goldmann applanation tonometry?

A

mounted on a slit lamp a device makes contact with the cornea and applies different pressures

27
Q

neurotransmitter in pupil constriction

A

ACh

28
Q

neurotransmitter in pupil dilation

A

adrenaline

29
Q

what is a tadpole pupil?

A

spasm of the iris causes a misshapen pupil, usually temporary

30
Q

what is tadpole pupil associated with?

A

migraines

31
Q

what vascular complications can compress the 3rd cranial nerve?

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

posterior communicating artery aneurysm

32
Q

what does a 3rd nerve palsy with sparing of the pupil indicate?

A

microvascular cause with sparing of the parasympathetic fibres including diabetes, hypertension, ischaemia

33
Q

what is a surgical thrid?

A

full 3rd nerve palsy which can be caused by tumour, trauma, cavernous sinus thrombosis, PCA aneurysm or raised ICP

34
Q

pre-ganglionic causes of Horner’s syndrome (4T’s)

A

tumour (Pancoast)
trauma
thyroidectomy
top rib (cervical rib)

35
Q

central causes of Horner’s syndrome (4S’s)

A

stroke
swelling (tumour)
MS
syringomyelia

36
Q

post-ganglionic causes of Horner’s syndrome (4C’s)

A

carotid aneurysm
carotid artery dissection
cavernous sinus thrombosis
cluster HA

37
Q

what is congenital Horner’s syndrome associated with?

A

heterochromia

38
Q

what is Holmes-Adie pupil?

A

unilateral dilation that is sluggish to react to light

39
Q

cause of Holmes-Adie pupil

A

damage to post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres (viral usually)

40
Q

what does Holmes-Adie syndrome present with?

A

absent ankle and knee reflex

41
Q

diagnosis fo Holmes-Adie pupil?

A

pilocarpine

42
Q

what is Argyll-Robertson pupil?

A

neurosyphilis - constricted pupil that does not react to light but accommodates

43
Q

what is hordeolum externum?

A

infection of the glands of Zeis (sebaceous glands at the base of eyelashes) or glands of Moll (sweat glands at the base of the eyelashes)

44
Q

what is hordeolum internum?

A

infection of the meibomian glands

45
Q

what is a chalazion?

A

meibomian gland becomes blocked and swells, often called meibomian cyst

46
Q

causes of painless red eye?

A

conjunctivitis
episcleritis
subconjunctival haemorrhage

47
Q

causes of painful red eye?

A 
glaucoma
anterior uveitis
scleritis
corneal abrasion/ ulceration
keratitis
foreign body
traumatic or chemical inury
48
Q

what does a horseshoe tear precede?

A

retinal detachment

49
Q

what is microbial keratitis?

A

acanthamoeba keratitis (associated with contact lenses)

50
Q

which short-acting mydriatic assists fundoscopy?

A

tropicamide

51
Q

what does a pizza-like appearance of the retina indicate?

A

CMV retinitis (HIV associated)

52
Q

management of CMV retinitis?

A

IV ganciclovir

53
Q

complication of cataract surgery?

A

posterior capsule opacification

endophthalmitis

54
Q

define emmetropic?

A

no refractive error

55
Q

what is gonioscopy?

A

mirror measures the drainage angle

56
Q

what is pachymetry?

A

measures corneal thickness

Ophthalmology 2020 (25 decks)

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