4d Flashcards
When were the Liberal economic policies implemented
1922-26
What did the government debt shrink to in 1925 from 74.8% in 1922
50.6%
Between 1922-25, what did industrial production increase by
57%
When was the battle of the lira
1925
What did Mussolini set the new exchange rate to in Dec 1927
90 lira
What did grain production increase to from 5.5m tonnes
7m
When was the poor grain harvest
1924
What did the Italian currency increase to from 91.5 lira to the pound in 1922
144.9 lira in 1925
Who did Mussolini replace finance minister de Stefani with
Giuseppe Volpi
What % pay cuts were there
10%
What was the result of the battle for the lira
Goods became nearly twice as expensive, textile industry went into depression
When did unemployment treble
1926-28
During the battle for grain, what did grain imports decrease by
75%
When were the corporate State years
1926-43
What were the aims of liberal economic policies
Reduce massive budget deficit, make large cuts in spending, privatised government owned companies, introduced deregulation, reduced taxation to encourage business growth
What were the aims of the corporate state
Solve the problems of class conflict and industrial unrest, increase the extent of state intervention in the economy, control industry, maximise production for good of nation, help industries prosper, introduce policies that would secure his position in the long term
When was the charter of labour introduced
1927
When was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact between Confindustria and Rossoni’s Fascist trade unions depriving other unions of bargaining rights
1925
When was Rocco law which made strikes and lockouts illegal
April 1926
When was the Ministry of Corporations set up which firms even more under state control
July 1926
When were Fascist syndicates broken into 6 smaller federations for different areas of the economy
1928
When did Mussolini reorganise young ministers in to the ‘Ministry of all the talents’
1929
What sparked the depression of the 1930s
Wall Street Crash of 1929
When did spending on employment creation schemes Triple and how many jobs were created
Between 1929-34 and 240,000
How much social security spending account for of total state expenditure
21%
In 1939, how much shipbuilding did the IRI control, pig iron and steel production
90%, 75% and 45%
When did the Fascist state control 20% of Italian industry
1939
What did unemployment increase to from 300,000
1.3m
What did industrial production fall by
23%
What did imports and exports drop by in 1936
A third
What were the wage cuts for employees and farmers
12% and 25%
When did the gold standard overvalue the currency at 60 lire to the pound
1936
When was autarky announced
1936
What were the aims of autarky
Self-sufficiency, nationalism and militarism
What index did imports and exports increase to from 100 in 1922
Exports 162, imports 48
What did Italy’s budget deficit increase to from 2bn between years 1934 and 1939
28bn
In 1939, what did industrial production account for
20%
How much did raw materials coal and steel increase by in price
Coal three times and steel twice
What were the aims of Mussolini’s economic battles
Unify the nation, put his ideology into practice, achieve autarky
What was the battle for grain
Make Italy self sufficient in grain
What was the battle for land
Increase land available for cereal production
What was the battle for lira
Fix lira, reduce inflation
When was there a crisis for Italian agriculture
1925-35
When was there massive land reclamation
1928
When were laws passed on reclamation extending previous schemes
1923, 1928 and 1933
What % did wheat production increase by
50%
When was Italy almost self sufficient in cereals
1940
For battle for land where we’re new towns built
Latina and Pontina
What did Italy’s total livestock fall by
500,000
In 1933 how many tonnes were imported
500m
When did wheat imports fall by 75%
1925-35
In 1928, what % of reclamation projects were completed and and how many irrigation schemes
58% and 1/3
How many hectares were reclaimed between 1928-38
80,000
How much land was reclaimed in north
3/4
What did government cut wages by
20%
When was the government forced to devalue the lira
1936
How many families were receiving relief in the winter of 1934-35
1.75m
When was the OND created and what was its membership in 1926, 1931 and 1939
1925 and 281,000, 1.7m and 3.8m
When did personal consumption increase by 6%
1923-39
When was there an annual rise in GNP of 1.2%
1939
When did annual production increase by over 145% and was 20% above the level achieved in the immediate pre depression years
1939
When did real wages for Italian workers fall by over 10%
1925-38
When was a law introduced to break big estates and distribute them to peasants
1922
When did personal consumption fall by 15%
1939-42
What was military and Welfare spending
15bn and 6.7bn a year
