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MD 4910 NCP I > 4923: C14 Diseases of the Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

4923: C14 Diseases of the Upper GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

acarbose

A

aka. Precose. A medication - an a-glucoside inhibitor- that slows the digestion of starch; used in diabetes treatment & to prevent dumping syndrome

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in stimulation of parietal, chief, and enterochromaffin (ECL) cells.

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3
Q

achalasia

A

Motility diorder characterized by an absence or weakened peristalsis within the esophagus

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4
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

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5
Q

anastomosis

A

the surgical connection of body parts, especially hollow tubular part like those of the GI tract.

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6
Q

anticariogenic

A

Describes food or conditions that assist in prevention of dental caries

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7
Q

autocrine

A

A type of communication between hormones and other chemical messengers that is released from a cell at a distance from the target cell.

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8
Q

bariatric

A

Referring to medical treatment of morbid obesity.

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9
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

A complication of severe chronic GERD involving metaplasia of the tissue that line the bottom of the esophagus.

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10
Q

borborygmas

A

stomach “growling”

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11
Q

Cariogenic

A

Describes foods or conditions that contribute to dental caries

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12
Q

Chagas disease

A

A parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. A form of achalasia.

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13
Q

cheilosis

A

Scaling and fissures that develop at the edges of the mouth.

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14
Q

cholinergic

A

Resembling acetylcholine; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound

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15
Q

dentin

A

The hard tissue of the tooth surrounding the central core of nerves and blood vessels.

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16
Q

dumping syndrome

A

A group of symptoms that occurs w/ rapid passage of large amounts of food into the small intestine; symptoms include dizziness, sweating, decreased BP, & diarrhea.

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17
Q

dysgeusia

A

abnormalities or reduced ability to taste

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18
Q

dyspepsia

A

Vague upper abdominal symptoms that may include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching.

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19
Q

edentulous

A

Without any teeth

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20
Q

enamel

A

Hard outer layer of teeth consisting of hydroxyapatite; this mineral is composed of calcium, phosphorous, fluoride, chloride, sodium, & magnesium

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21
Q

Endoscopy

A

Examination of the interior of a canal by means of an endoscope.

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22
Q

epigastric

A

Referring to the upper abdominal region

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23
Q

eructation

A

belch or burp

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24
Q

fundoplication

A

A surgical technique used to suture the funds of the stomach around the esophagus to prevent reflux. Treatment for GERD.

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25
Q

gastrin

A

Primary hormone released to stimulate digestion & production of HCl in the stomach. Released by G cells.

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26
Q

hamatemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

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27
Q

hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the space normally occupied by the esophagus, heart, and lungs

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28
Q

histamine

A

Paracrine released from ECL cells increases production of HCl; also released from mast cells and basophils as a component of inflammatory and immune responses.

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29
Q

hyperosmolar

A

Osmolality > 300 mOsm/kg, the osmolality of the body

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30
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Serum glucose < 70 mg/dL

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31
Q

laparoscopically

A

Describes the process of using a laparoscopic procedure through which an instrument is used to see structures with in the abdomen & pelvis; in this way, a number of surgical procedures can be performed without the need for a large surgical incision.

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32
Q

octreotide

A

Medication that mimics the action of somatostatin

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33
Q

osmolality

A

The number of water-attracting particles per Kg of water. mOsm/kg

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34
Q

paracrine

A

A name for a neurotransmitter that is released from a cell that is close to the target cell.

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35
Q

parietal cell

A

One of the gastric gland cells that lies on the basement membrane covered by chief cells, & secretes hydrochloric acid.

36
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

Ulceration or perforation in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus.

37
Q

perforation

A

a break in the integrity of the tissue

38
Q

pyloroplasty

A

enlarging the pyloric sphincter

39
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

Class of medications that block the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme, a component in HCl production

40
Q

reduction & fixation of fx

A

A method to surgically repair a bone fx

41
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

A chronic systematic inflammatory disorder, etiology unknown, characterized by dryness of mucous membranes

42
Q

somatostatin

A

A hormone & neurotransmitter that inhibits release of peptide hormones in several tissues.

43
Q

syncope

A

Temporary loss of consciousness; fainting

44
Q

vagotomy

A

Severing of the vagus nerve; often a component of gastric surgery

45
Q

vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve; one of its major functions is to coordinate the autonomic nervous system communication between organs of digestion.

46
Q

What are the 4 basic functions of the GI tract?

A

motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption

47
Q

interstitial cells of Cajal

A

Pacemaker cells of the GI tract, control smooth muscle activity.

48
Q

neuropeptide

A

Protein substance originating from the nerve which can alter functional activity of an organ.

49
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands in the mouth?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual.

50
Q

Four layer of the esophagus

A

Mucosa-stratified squamous epithelial cells. Submucosa - secretory cells that produce mucus. Muscle layer. Adventitia - outer layer of tissue.

51
Q

What two neurotransmitters allow the LES to relax

A

Nitric oxide and VIP - vasoactive intestinal peptide.

52
Q

What volume can the stomach stretch to hold?

A

1000mL, from 50mL when empty

53
Q

Chief cells secrete?

A

The zymogen pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

54
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor. Are located in gastric glands.

55
Q

What hormones are released from the antrum of the stomach

A

Cholecystokinin, and secretin - act to slow gastric motility and along with somatostatin inhibit chief and parietal cells.

56
Q

What major drug class causes xerostomia?

A

Anticholinergics: antihistamines, antidepressants.

57
Q

What are the 3 goals of GERD treatment?

A

Increasing LES competence. Decreasing gastric acidity. Improving clearance of contents from the esophagus.

58
Q

What foods should be avoided in GERD that stimulate gastric acid production?

A

Black & red pepper. Alcohol. Coffee - both caffeinated & decaffeinated.

59
Q

What test is used to diagnose H. pylori

A

Urea breath test.

60
Q

Billroth I

A

Gastroduodenostomy. A patrial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty is preformed w/ a reconstruction that consists of an anastomosis of the proximal end of the duodenum to the distal end of the stomach.

61
Q

Billroth II

A

Gastrojejunostomy. A partial gastrectomy w/ a reconstruction that consists of an anastomosis of the proximal end of the jejunum to the distal end of the stomach.

62
Q

Roux-en-Y

A

Similar to the Billroth II. But, creates small pouch to which the jejunum is attached.

63
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Condition of gastric acid hyper secretion, presents like PUD, but doesn’t respond to standard therapy. Caused by non-B-cell endocrine tumor, a gastrinoma. Gastrin levels > 150 to 200 pg/mL.

64
Q

Normal gastrin level?

A

< 150 pg/mL

65
Q

What neurotransmitter exerts an inhibitory effect on GI motility?

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

What are signs and symptoms of late dumping syndrome?

A

Occur 1-3 hours postprandial, common after consuming simple CHOs, hypoglycemia, shakiness, sweating, confusion, weakness.

67
Q

Which part of saliva contributes to dental caries?

A

Salivary amylase

68
Q

What inflammatory condition of the mouth is caused by yeast?

A

Stomatitis by Candida albicans

69
Q

What procedure is used to determine LES pressure?

A

Esophageal manometry

70
Q

What condition can result in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?

A

Barrett’s esophagus

71
Q

What procedure results in reduce stomach acid production

A

Vagotomy

72
Q

After a gastrectomy what food component my not be well tolerated?

A

Lactose

73
Q

Omeprazole

A

PPI via suppression of the H+/K+ ATPase pump. No H ions to produce HCl. Selective inhibition of H. pylori urease. Reduces absorption of nutrients requiring acidic environment.

74
Q

Metronidazole

A

Nitroimidazole antibiotic, produces cytotoxic effects in anaerobes. Alcohol, sodium. It contains 500mg sodium.

75
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

Antacid & anti-diarrheal - decreases flow of fluids into GI. Slows growth of bacteria.

76
Q

Tetracycline

A

Antibiotic. Do not take with multivitamins/minerals, they reduce absorption. Dairy reduces absorption. Take on an empty stomach.

77
Q

Maalox

A

Antiflatulent. Simethicone decreases the surface tension of gas bubbles. Don’t take with citrates, or citric acid.

78
Q

Tums

A

Antacid, Ca supplement. Calcium carbonate. Rebound hyperacidity. Mineral difficiencies

79
Q

Cimetidine

A

Histamine receptor antagonist. Reduces acid production by inhibiting histamine action at the histamine receptors of the parietal cells. Interactions: increases effectiveness of: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine.

80
Q

Lansoprazole

A

PPI. Antimicrobial for H. pylori. Interaction: slows gastric emptying

81
Q

Sucralfate

A

Adheres to the ulcer and protects is from stomach acid. Antiulcer, protectant. Constipation.

82
Q

Nexium

A

PPI. H+/K+ - ATPase inhibition in the parietal cells. Hypomagnesemia, osteoporosis with prolonged use.

83
Q

Pepcid

A

Histamine H2 Antagonist. Inhibits both the concentration and volume of gastric secretion. Constipation/diarrhea.

84
Q

Marinol

A

Antiemetic, cannabinoid. May inhibit vomiting control mechanism in the medulla. Xerostomia, N/V

85
Q

Reglan

A

Antiemetic. aka. Metoclopramide. Promotes motility in the upper GI, and increases gastric emptying. N/V

86
Q

Dimenhydrinate

A

Antiemetic, antihistamine. aka. Dramamine. Motionsickness, postoperative N/V. Xerostomia.

MD 4910 NCP I (15 decks)

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