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MD 4910 NCP I > 4923: C14 Diseases of the Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

4923: C14 Diseases of the Upper GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

acarbose

A

aka. Precose. A medication - an a-glucoside inhibitor- that slows the digestion of starch; used in diabetes treatment & to prevent dumping syndrome

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in stimulation of parietal, chief, and enterochromaffin (ECL) cells.

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3
Q

achalasia

A

Motility diorder characterized by an absence or weakened peristalsis within the esophagus

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4
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

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5
Q

anastomosis

A

the surgical connection of body parts, especially hollow tubular part like those of the GI tract.

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6
Q

anticariogenic

A

Describes food or conditions that assist in prevention of dental caries

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7
Q

autocrine

A

A type of communication between hormones and other chemical messengers that is released from a cell at a distance from the target cell.

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8
Q

bariatric

A

Referring to medical treatment of morbid obesity.

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9
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

A complication of severe chronic GERD involving metaplasia of the tissue that line the bottom of the esophagus.

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10
Q

borborygmas

A

stomach “growling”

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11
Q

Cariogenic

A

Describes foods or conditions that contribute to dental caries

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12
Q

Chagas disease

A

A parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. A form of achalasia.

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13
Q

cheilosis

A

Scaling and fissures that develop at the edges of the mouth.

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14
Q

cholinergic

A

Resembling acetylcholine; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound

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15
Q

dentin

A

The hard tissue of the tooth surrounding the central core of nerves and blood vessels.

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16
Q

dumping syndrome

A

A group of symptoms that occurs w/ rapid passage of large amounts of food into the small intestine; symptoms include dizziness, sweating, decreased BP, & diarrhea.

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17
Q

dysgeusia

A

abnormalities or reduced ability to taste

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18
Q

dyspepsia

A

Vague upper abdominal symptoms that may include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching.

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19
Q

edentulous

A

Without any teeth

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20
Q

enamel

A

Hard outer layer of teeth consisting of hydroxyapatite; this mineral is composed of calcium, phosphorous, fluoride, chloride, sodium, & magnesium

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21
Q

Endoscopy

A

Examination of the interior of a canal by means of an endoscope.

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22
Q

epigastric

A

Referring to the upper abdominal region

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23
Q

eructation

A

belch or burp

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24
Q

fundoplication

A

A surgical technique used to suture the funds of the stomach around the esophagus to prevent reflux. Treatment for GERD.

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25
gastrin
Primary hormone released to stimulate digestion & production of HCl in the stomach. Released by G cells.
26
hamatemesis
Vomiting of blood
27
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the space normally occupied by the esophagus, heart, and lungs
28
histamine
Paracrine released from ECL cells increases production of HCl; also released from mast cells and basophils as a component of inflammatory and immune responses.
29
hyperosmolar
Osmolality > 300 mOsm/kg, the osmolality of the body
30
hypoglycemia
Serum glucose < 70 mg/dL
31
laparoscopically
Describes the process of using a laparoscopic procedure through which an instrument is used to see structures with in the abdomen & pelvis; in this way, a number of surgical procedures can be performed without the need for a large surgical incision.
32
octreotide
Medication that mimics the action of somatostatin
33
osmolality
The number of water-attracting particles per Kg of water. mOsm/kg
34
paracrine
A name for a neurotransmitter that is released from a cell that is close to the target cell.
35
parietal cell
One of the gastric gland cells that lies on the basement membrane covered by chief cells, & secretes hydrochloric acid.
36
peptic ulcer disease
Ulceration or perforation in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus.
37
perforation
a break in the integrity of the tissue
38
pyloroplasty
enlarging the pyloric sphincter
39
proton pump inhibitors
Class of medications that block the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme, a component in HCl production
40
reduction & fixation of fx
A method to surgically repair a bone fx
41
Sjogren's syndrome
A chronic systematic inflammatory disorder, etiology unknown, characterized by dryness of mucous membranes
42
somatostatin
A hormone & neurotransmitter that inhibits release of peptide hormones in several tissues.
43
syncope
Temporary loss of consciousness; fainting
44
vagotomy
Severing of the vagus nerve; often a component of gastric surgery
45
vagus nerve
10th cranial nerve; one of its major functions is to coordinate the autonomic nervous system communication between organs of digestion.
46
What are the 4 basic functions of the GI tract?
motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption
47
interstitial cells of Cajal
Pacemaker cells of the GI tract, control smooth muscle activity.
48
neuropeptide
Protein substance originating from the nerve which can alter functional activity of an organ.
49
What are the 3 salivary glands in the mouth?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
50
Four layer of the esophagus
Mucosa-stratified squamous epithelial cells. Submucosa - secretory cells that produce mucus. Muscle layer. Adventitia - outer layer of tissue.
51
What two neurotransmitters allow the LES to relax
Nitric oxide and VIP - vasoactive intestinal peptide.
52
What volume can the stomach stretch to hold?
1000mL, from 50mL when empty
53
Chief cells secrete?
The zymogen pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
54
Parietal cells
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor. Are located in gastric glands.
55
What hormones are released from the antrum of the stomach
Cholecystokinin, and secretin - act to slow gastric motility and along with somatostatin inhibit chief and parietal cells.
56
What major drug class causes xerostomia?
Anticholinergics: antihistamines, antidepressants.
57
What are the 3 goals of GERD treatment?
Increasing LES competence. Decreasing gastric acidity. Improving clearance of contents from the esophagus.
58
What foods should be avoided in GERD that stimulate gastric acid production?
Black & red pepper. Alcohol. Coffee - both caffeinated & decaffeinated.
59
What test is used to diagnose H. pylori
Urea breath test.
60
Billroth I
Gastroduodenostomy. A patrial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty is preformed w/ a reconstruction that consists of an anastomosis of the proximal end of the duodenum to the distal end of the stomach.
61
Billroth II
Gastrojejunostomy. A partial gastrectomy w/ a reconstruction that consists of an anastomosis of the proximal end of the jejunum to the distal end of the stomach.
62
Roux-en-Y
Similar to the Billroth II. But, creates small pouch to which the jejunum is attached.
63
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Condition of gastric acid hyper secretion, presents like PUD, but doesn't respond to standard therapy. Caused by non-B-cell endocrine tumor, a gastrinoma. Gastrin levels > 150 to 200 pg/mL.
64
Normal gastrin level?
< 150 pg/mL
65
What neurotransmitter exerts an inhibitory effect on GI motility?
Somatostatin
66
What are signs and symptoms of late dumping syndrome?
Occur 1-3 hours postprandial, common after consuming simple CHOs, hypoglycemia, shakiness, sweating, confusion, weakness.
67
Which part of saliva contributes to dental caries?
Salivary amylase
68
What inflammatory condition of the mouth is caused by yeast?
Stomatitis by Candida albicans
69
What procedure is used to determine LES pressure?
Esophageal manometry
70
What condition can result in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?
Barrett's esophagus
71
What procedure results in reduce stomach acid production
Vagotomy
72
After a gastrectomy what food component my not be well tolerated?
Lactose
73
Omeprazole
PPI via suppression of the H+/K+ ATPase pump. No H ions to produce HCl. Selective inhibition of H. pylori urease. Reduces absorption of nutrients requiring acidic environment.
74
Metronidazole
Nitroimidazole antibiotic, produces cytotoxic effects in anaerobes. Alcohol, sodium. It contains 500mg sodium.
75
bismuth subsalicylate
Antacid & anti-diarrheal - decreases flow of fluids into GI. Slows growth of bacteria.
76
Tetracycline
Antibiotic. Do not take with multivitamins/minerals, they reduce absorption. Dairy reduces absorption. Take on an empty stomach.
77
Maalox
Antiflatulent. Simethicone decreases the surface tension of gas bubbles. Don't take with citrates, or citric acid.
78
Tums
Antacid, Ca supplement. Calcium carbonate. Rebound hyperacidity. Mineral difficiencies
79
Cimetidine
Histamine receptor antagonist. Reduces acid production by inhibiting histamine action at the histamine receptors of the parietal cells. Interactions: increases effectiveness of: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine.
80
Lansoprazole
PPI. Antimicrobial for H. pylori. Interaction: slows gastric emptying
81
Sucralfate
Adheres to the ulcer and protects is from stomach acid. Antiulcer, protectant. Constipation.
82
Nexium
PPI. H+/K+ - ATPase inhibition in the parietal cells. Hypomagnesemia, osteoporosis with prolonged use.
83
Pepcid
Histamine H2 Antagonist. Inhibits both the concentration and volume of gastric secretion. Constipation/diarrhea.
84
Marinol
Antiemetic, cannabinoid. May inhibit vomiting control mechanism in the medulla. Xerostomia, N/V
85
Reglan
Antiemetic. aka. Metoclopramide. Promotes motility in the upper GI, and increases gastric emptying. N/V
86
Dimenhydrinate
Antiemetic, antihistamine. aka. Dramamine. Motionsickness, postoperative N/V. Xerostomia.

MD 4910 NCP I (15 decks)

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