4910:C9 Cellular & Physiological Response to Injury: The Role of the Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
pathology
A
The study of loss of function or the changes within an organ, or organ system that occurs as a result of disease or injury.
2
Q
pathogenesis
A
The clinical course of disease
3
Q
idiopathic
A
unknown cause
4
Q
iatrogenic
A
an adverse condition in a patient resulting from treatment, usually from a physician.
5
Q
epidemiology
A
the study of rates of disease within a population; also, study of cause and distribution; focuses on outcome, morbidity & mortality, risk factors
6
Q
incidence
A
rate or occurrence of disease, the number of new cases in a specific time period.
7
Q
prevalence
A
total number of cases at one specific time period.
8
Q
sequelae
A
any abnormal bodily condition or disease related to or arising from a pre-existing disease, any complication of a disease; outcome
9
Q
prognosis
A
a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease, including expected response to treatment.
10
Q
morbidity
A
the state of being diseased, disease occurrence
11
Q
mortality
A
the incidence of death in a population associated with a particular disease
12
Q
atrophy
A
reduction in size of muscle cells; wasting of body tissue that occurs from disuse, disease, or malnutrition. caused by decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, aging
13
Q
hypertrophy
A
increase in cell size; can be physiologic, or pathologic; may be due to increase in cell organelles, or proteins & DNA; occurs in cells that do not under go mitosis. caused by functional demand, hormonal stimulation
14
Q
hyperplasia
A
increased number of cells; can be physiologic or pathologic; often occurs along with hypertrophy;
15
Q
metaplasia
A
replacement of one cell type with another; often reversible & due to hostile environment; ex vit. A deficiency. caused by genetic reprograming of cells. Often precursor to cancer.
16
Q
dysplasia
A
abnormal cell growth; ex. increase in nuclei, or rate of replication. Generally pre-cancerous.
17
Q
neoplasia
A
growth of new tissue which is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue; can be benign or malignant
18
Q
ischemia
A
inadequate supply of oxygen due to vasoconstriction, or blockage
19
Q
hypoxia
A
inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood
20
Q
infarction
A
cellular necrosis as a result of lack of oxygen
21
Q
disease
A
process that disrupts physiologic function; homeostasis cannot be maintained; has characteristic sigs and symptoms
22
Q
disease process
A
epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, outcome
23
Q
etiology
A
the cause of a disease; genetic, acquired, multifactorial, idiopathic, iatrogenic
24
Q
causes of cellular injury
A
deficiency, intoxication, trauma, infection
25
How can cell injury be monitored?
functional loss, release of cell constituents, electrical activity, biopsy; changes can be measured in the blood
26
intoxication
a cause of cellular injury which can be either exogenous, or endogenous
27
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
28
hyaline
a cellular response to disease or damage; deposition of collagen, fibrin, & amyloid within & between cells.
29
Standard Precautions
Set of guidelines developed by the CDC, include all personal and environmental procedures that should be followed to prevent transmission of infection.
30
course of an infection
incubation, prodromal, acute period, recovery/convalescence
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incubation period
time between entry & appearance of clinical signs
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prodromal period
individual begins to experience vague symptoms
33
myeloid stem cells
become monocytes & macrophages, and megakaryocytic, granulocyte, RBCs, monocytes, PMNs
34
Granulocytes
aka. polymorphonuclear leukocytes: basophil, eosinophil, neutrophils.
35
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
a category of WBCs which includes: neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils.
36
neutrophil
a PMN, major cell recruited to ingest, kill, & digest pathogen; first cell to inflammatory response; remove cellular debris
37
eosinophils
a PMN, defend against parasites; participate in common hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions; are phagocytic, but primarily produce chemicals to combat helminths.
38
basophil
a PMN; produce cytokines that help defend against parasites; produce histamine and serotonin involved in allergic response; promote vasodilation
39
natural killer cells
from lymphoid stem cell; part of non-specific, innate immune response; nonspecifically kill certain tumor and virus infected cells; their action is up-regulated by cytokines
40
Peyer's patches
large aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the GI tract, GALT
41
lymphoid stem cells
T Cells, B Cells, NK cells
42
IgE
involved in allergy to food & respiratory allergens
43
reticuloendothelial system
aka. mononuclear phagocytic system. coordinates the nonspecific response to tissue injury; includes monocytes, macrophages, langerhans and glial cells
44
histamine
released by mast cells & platelets; increases blood flow & seepage of proteins and fluid from blood
45
reactive oxygen species
ROS; toxic for microorganisms, also damages tissue
46
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
triggers blood clotting; T-cell activation, decrease in BP, fever, release of prostaglandins
47
prostaglandins
increase vascular permeability, influence platelet aggregation
48
leukotrienes
prolong inflammatory response, vasoactive properties
49
hyperemic response
brings neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages to injury site; supplies nutrients & O2, dilution of toxins
50
vascular permeability
endothelial cells become "leaky" from either direct endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators like prostaglandins
51
leukocyte action/chemotaxis is controlled by
cellular mediators: cytokines - interleukins, interferons, colony stimulating factors (CSF); lipid mediators - platelet activating factor.
52
exudate
fluid produced and released by injured or inflamed cells; contains proteins and immune cells
53
normal WBC count
4300-10,000 vs 30,000 in leukocytosis
54
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures the distance RBCs have fallen after one hour; an elevated level is a laboratory marker for inflammation
55
C-reactive protein (CRP)
a protein released asa response to inflammation; a laboratory marker of inflammation
56
stages of wound healing
hemostasis/coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, remolding/maturation
57
outcomes of inflammation
resolution; regeneration, repair, or transition to chronic inflammation: granuloma formation &/or nonspecific chronic inflammation
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healing by first intention
occurs in injury with even, closely opposed edges; clotting pathway is activated - platelet aggregation: fibrin clot forms and area is sealed
59
healing by second intention
occurs in deep or large wounds from the bottom up;
60
nutrients needed for wound healing
arginine, glutamine; vit. C, A, E, K; selenium, zinc
61
dehiscence
separation of wound edges causes ineffective wound healing
62
Braden Score
risk assessment for pressure ulcer; includes evaluation for sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition & friction/shear. lower score = less risk
63
steroids (anti-inflammatory drugs)
interrupt formation of arachidonic acid; which is the precursor to many cytokines; reduces pain and swelling of inflammation
64
NSAIDs
nonselective COX inhibitors; interrupt prostaglandin synthesis by the arachidonic pathway
65
COX-2 drugs
inhibit enzyme pathway for generation of prostaglandins, but allow for the COX-1 protection
66
COX-2
cyclooxygenase enzyme 2; enzyme of the arachidonic acid pathway of prostaglandin production
67
T helper cell
secrete cytokines which help direct the immune system; express CD4 recptor
68
T cytotoxic cell
destroy cancer cells & infected cells in an antigen-specific manner; express CD8
69
T suppressor cell
suppress responses of T and B lymphocytes; express CD8 receptor; prevent inappropriate recognition of self-antigens
70
chemical messengers which mediate the immune response
cytokines, ROS, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukins
71
artificial active immunity
immune response to vaccination
72
natural passive immunity
immune response due to antibody from mother to fetus
73
artificial passive
transferring antibodies or immune cells from one organism to another
74
remission
A temporary or permanent decrease or subsidence of manifestations of a disease. A period during which such a decrease or subsidence occurs.
75
Pathophysiology
The study of loss of function or the changes within an organ or organ system that occurs as a result of disease or injury. Disruption of normal physiologic processes. The sequence of events involved in tissue changes & response of the body to injury.
76
Disease
A process that disrupts physiologic function which leads to state where homeostasis cannot be maintained.
77
What are the deficiency causes of cell injury?
Ischemia/ Hypoxia. Nutrient deficiency. Genetic. Viral demand.
78
What are the forms of cell injury caused by intoxication?
"Poisoning" - accumulations of toxins. Endogenous or exogenous.
79
Causes of cellular injury: trauma
Mechanical pressure- ulcers. Physical injury. Physical agents - heat (burn), cold, radiation.
80
How do cells respond to injury & disease?
Cellular accumulation (water, lipids, protein, pigments, minerals). Growth disturbances. Abnormal development. Inflammation & healing. Cell degeneration. Cell death.
81
Intracellular accumulations in cellular injury?
Fluid, fat, hyaline, residual bodies -vesicles containing indigestible materials
82
Examples of metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia. Respiratory epithelium. Cigarette smoking. Vitamin A deficiency.
83
Metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus
Changes to the lower esophageal epithelium. Can be caused by GERD.
84
Developmental disorders
Maybe as a result of injury during prenatal period. Congenital vs. non congenital. ex. sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, glycogen storage disease.
85
Natural or "Host" Resistance
Anatomical and chemical barriers - celia. Epithelial surfaces. Mucous membranes. Tears, urine, saliva. pH. Oxygen
86
How are infections spread?
Human-to-human. Trans-placental. Blood-body fluids. Respiratory droplets. Fecal-oral. Veneraeal
87
Incubation period of an infection
The time between entry and appearance of clinical signs.
88
Prodromal period of an infection
Infected person may feel vague symptoms.
89
Acute period of an infection
Disease develops fully and clinical manifestations reach their peak.
90
Innate immune system
Nonspecific immune response. Non-adaptive. First line of defense
91
Acquired immune system
Relies on specific immune responses selectively targeted against particular foreign material to which the body has already been exposed. Delayed reaction.
92
Basic requirements of an effective immune system
Specificity. Diversity. Adaptivity.
93
hapten
A non-immunogenic, low-molecular weight molecule that can be recognized by an antibody; it can initiate an immune response if it is conjugated to a "carrier" molecule.
94
Primary organs of the immune system?
Bone marrow & thymus
95
Stem cells produced in the bond marrow differentiate into what two types of cells?
Myeloid stem cells, of lymphoid stem cells
96
Myeloid stem cells differentiate into?
platelets and RBCs
97
Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into?
WBCs or leukocytes
98
Functions of leukocytes?
Defend against invasion by pathogens. ID and destroy cancer cells; function as a clean-up crew that removes dead or injured cells.
99
Antigen
The key to recognizing pathogens and injured cells.
100
Antigen Recognitions Molecules
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Antibodies. B & T cell receptors
101
Stages of the inflammatory response
Cellular injury, local vasodilation, phagocytes destroy injurious agents, cellular debris cleared away, protein framework for healing
102
Vasomotor response in inflammation
Brief period of vasoconstriction. Damaged cells (mast and platelets) release histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin, luekotrienes. Vasodilation - increased blood flow.
103
The hyperemic response (vasodialtion) causes?
The increased blood flow at the injury site brings neutrophils and monocytes to the area. It supplies needed nutrients and oxygen to site, and it dilutes toxins.
104
Leukocyte action is control by
(chemotaxis). Cytokines, interleukins, interferons, colony stimulating factor (CSF); Lipid mediators - platelet activating factor.
105
What are the local effects in inflammation
Increased blood flow - hyperemia --> redness and warmth. Shift of fluid into the interstitial space --> edema. Production of exudate (interstitial fluid) - has lots of RBCs.
106
Factors that affect immune response
Nutrition. Exercise. Age, gender, hormones, stress
