Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD 4910 NCP I > 4910:C7 Fluid & Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

4910:C7 Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

arginine vasopressin (AVP)

A

aka antidiuretic hormone. Hormone produced n the pituitary. Acts on renal tubules to reduce urine output in response to dehydration or hyperosmolarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

(oncotic pressure) The osmotic pressure attributed to proteins and other macromolecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

colloid

A

a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance. Do not form a true solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cyclosporine

A

an immunosuppressant drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

chronic excretion of very large amounts of pale urine of low specific gravity. Pituitary does not produce vasopressin and so kidneys do not reabsorb water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

diuresis

A

Production of excessive amounts of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

facultative urine

A

excess water that is excreted through urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

A

A complication of type 2 DM, usually develops after period of hyperglycemia combined with inadequate fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

insensible losses

A

fluid loss that cannot be easily measured, usually through sweat and respiration. ∿600-1000 mL/day. Is increased by fever, exercise, hyperventilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

leukocytosis

A

high white blood cell count. Maybe result of hyperkalemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metabolic water

A

Water that is produced through nutrient metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

obligatory urine

A

∿500mL. Required to excrete waste products & solutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

osmolality

A

the number of osmols per kg of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

osmolarity

A

the number of osmols per liter of solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

paresthesias

A

symptoms of tingling in fingers and toes; often consistent with electrolyte imbalance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rales

A

Abnormal respiratory sounds made when air flows through liquid present in airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

specific gravity

A

the weight of a solution in comparison to an equal amount of distilled water; used to measure the concentrating ability of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thrombocytosis

A

low number of platelets. Maybe result of hyperkalemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Total Body Water

A

Adult Males: 60% BW; Adult Females: 50% BW; Infants: 60-80% BW(dependent on age – highest in premature infants).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why women have a lower proportion of body water than men?

A

Body water is lower with decreased muscle mass and increased body fat. Also a person who is obese contains less water than if her or she were of normal weight. Water content also varies with age – a newborn infant is 70-75% water – an amount which decreases progressively with age. If an adult maintains a constant weight of 70 kg., body water will decrease about 1 kg per decade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2/3 rule

A

The interstitial space contains about two-thirds of the extracellular volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Water free mass =

A

The “flesh” represents, on average, one third of the body volume. The remaining two-thirds in a normal weight individual represent water volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Total body water breakdown

A

Approximately 2/3ds of the total body water is contained in the intracellular space, with the remaining third in the extracellular compartment. This latter space is further subdivided into the interstitial and the vascular spaces. In a normal individual, the interstitial space contains about two-thirds of the extracellular V. The vascular space, the smallest of the body’s fluid compartments, represents approximately onethird of the extracellular V and about one-ninth of the body’s water space overall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Extracellular fluid compartments

A

Interstitial, intravascular, & transcellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Transcellular

A

Fluids found in secretions with in organs: GI secretion, CSF, & intraocular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Third spaces

A

Peritoneal, pericardial, thoracic, joints, bursae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Normal osmolality of the blood

A

280-320 mOsm/kg H2O. Estimation of blood osmolality uses Na, K, glucose, urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Normal osmolality of the GI tract

A

300 mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How to calculate mOsm

A

mOsm = atomic wt in mg ÷ particles exerting osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

dehydration

A

Deficit of water in the body. Cells become dehydrated when exposed to hypertonic solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Renal solute load (RSL)

A

minimum of 600-700 mOsm/day. Requires 500mL of obligatory urine. =(g protein x 5.7) + mEq (Na + k + Cl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Average daily fluid intake

A

1500-2500 mL/day

34
Q

Thirst sensations are controlled by

A

baroreceptors in hypothalamus, heart, blood vessels.

35
Q

Fluid needs can be determined by:

A

Energy intake: 1mL of fluid / kcal. N & energy intake: 1mL/kcal + 100 mL/g N. BW: in mL/kg. Body surface area (BSA): 1500mL/m^2

36
Q

Normal serum values for sodium

A

Na. 136-146 mEq/L

37
Q

Normal serum values for potassium

A

K. 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

38
Q

Normal serum values for chloride

A

CL⁻. 98-106 mEq/L

39
Q

AI for Na⁺

A

1500 mg/day

40
Q

AI for Cl⁻

A

2300 mg/day

41
Q

AI for K⁺

A

4500 mg/day

42
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Release is stimulated by presence of angiotensin II. Directly influences kidney to retain Na⁺, which in turn increases osmotic pressure & fluid is pulled back into the blood & BV↑.

43
Q

Renin

A

Hormone produced by the kidney, and stimulated the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

44
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

Is an agonist to the RAAS system. Causes increased urinary output of Na⁺, fluid, & a decrease in BV. Indirectly causes an increase in osmolality.

45
Q

Potassium is regulated by:

A

Aldosterone

46
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Secreted by the parathyroid glands when serum Ca2⁺ levels are low. Decreases urinary excretion of Ca2⁺, & pulls it from the bones, stimulated activation of Vit D, increases P excretion

47
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland. Inhibits osteoclasts and lower serum Ca2⁺ levels. Agonist to PTH.

48
Q

Disorders of fluid balance

A

∆ in fluid V. ∆ in fluid concentration or osmolality. ∆ in fluid composition.

49
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Extracellular fluid deficit.

50
Q

Signs & symptoms of hypovolemia

A

dry mouth, oliguria, increased urinary specific gravity, disrupted BUN/Cr ratio (>10:1), ∆ in vital signs &/or central venous pressure, ↓ capillary refill, ↑ hematocrit.

51
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine output.

52
Q

Normal specific gravity of urine

A

1.003-1.035

53
Q

1L of fluid = x lb

A

2lb

54
Q

Signs and Symptoms of 3rd-spacing

A

Tachycardia, ↓ urine V, ↑ urine SG & osmolality, ↑ hematocrit, postural hypotension, poor skin & tongue turgor.

55
Q

Physiological response to 3rd-space FVD

A

Aldosterone is stimulated to increase conservation of sodium and water. If fluids are replaced to maintain plasma volume, weight gain will occur.

56
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Result of abnormal retention of water and sodium proportionally

57
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Hypervolemia

A

wt gain in short period of time, edema, distended neck & peripheral veins, slow emptying peripheral veins, ↓BUN & hematocrit, polyuria, ↑RR, rales, rhonchi, ascites

58
Q

Normal serum Ca levels

A

9 to 10.5 mg/dL. (4.5-5.5 mEq/L).

58
Q

Treatment of hypervolemia

A

Na restriction, diuretics, fluid restriction

60
Q

Relationship between serum levels of Ca & P

A

They have an inverse relationship. Urinary excretion of P increases or decreases in inverse proportion to serum Ca levels.

61
Q

The major cation of the ECF?

A

Na+

62
Q

The major anions of the ECF

A

Cl- & bicarbonate

63
Q

The major cation in the ICF

A

K+

64
Q

The major anion of the ICF

A

Phosphate. P

65
Q

What two major factors stimulate the release of arginine vasopressin?

A

(ADH) Increased osmolality of the ECF. Detection of a decreased in hydrostatic pressure by baroreceptors in blood vessels.

66
Q

Action of vasopressin

A

Vasopressin acts on the tubules of the kidney, causing fluid to be reabsorbed and and an accompany increase in blood V.

67
Q

Electrolytes and nitrogenous waste products contribute primarily to?

A

Obligatory urinary losses

68
Q

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating renal tubule reabsorption of water?

A

Aldosterone

69
Q

Which component of the RAAS stimulates thirst?

A

Angiotensin II

70
Q

What is the primary activator of the RAAS system?

A

Decreased arterial blood pressure

71
Q

Patient X exhibits the following: low blood pressure, particularly when he changes body positions; increased heart rate; poor skin turgor; and has a recent history of vomiting. What imbalance might Patient X have?

A

hypovolemia

72
Q

What is the best treatment for a dehydrated patient?

A

Administering a normal saline solution intravenously.

73
Q

refeeding syndrome

A

Metabolic alterations that may occur during nutritional relation of starved patients. May result in hypokalemia.

74
Q

Electrolyte Content of NS

A

Normal Saline = 0.9%. 154 mEq Na+/L, & 154 mEq Cl-/L. Osmolality = 308. To convert to mg, multiply by atomic number.

75
Q

Electrolyte content of 1/2NS

A

1/2 Normal Saline = .45%. 77mEq Na+/L and Cl-/L. Osmolality = 154.

76
Q

Atomic number of Na+, & K+

A

Na = 23, K = 39

77
Q

Calculating Fluid Requirements: based on energy intake

A

1mL fluid / kcal

78
Q

Calculating Fluid Requirements: based on body wt

A

Infant and children: 1-10kg/100-150mL, >10kg add 50mL/kg, >20kg 25mL/kg

79
Q

fluid requirement for adolescents & young adults 16-30 yrs

A

40-60mL/kg, 35-40mL/kg

80
Q

Fluid requirements for average adult & adult 55-65

A

30-35mL/lg, 30 mL/kg

81
Q

Fluid requirements for adult > 65 yo

A

25mL/kg

82
Q

Symptoms of hypotonicity

A

Drowsiness, headache, confusion, lethargy, weakness, and edema

MD 4910 NCP I (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions