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THRALL - Thom > 45 - Uterus, Ovaries and Testes > Flashcards

45 - Uterus, Ovaries and Testes Flashcards

1
Q

Describe US features of the uterus in differents stages of the oestrus cycle:

A

Anoestrus: Endometrium thinnest. No fluid

Proestrus/Oestrus: Mild endometrial thickening; Small amount of luminal fluid

Dieoestrus: Further endometrial thickening -> Progesterone driven glandular hyperplasia

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2
Q

Aging of pregnancy in dog with US x 5

A

Chorionic vesicle = 18-20 days

Cardiac motion = 23-25 days

Limb buds and echogenic foetal skeleton = by day 35

Foetal movement = >35 days

Foetal mineralisation = 43 days (20-22 days before parturition)

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3
Q

Which anatomic measurements can be used to age?

Also; which 2 measurements are accurate predictors of age (85% litters give birth within 2 days of predicted parturition date)?

A

Biparietal diameter

Inner Chorionic cavity diameter

Crown-rump length

Body diameter

Bold = accurate predictors

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4
Q

US Aging of pregnancy in the cat x 2

A

Chorionic vesicle = 15-17 days

Mineralisation = 38 days (25-29 days pre-parturition)

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5
Q

Sonographic evaluation of litter size in dogs +- 1 foetus is possible in what % of dogs?

A

89.5%

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6
Q

Table of mineralisation of feline and canine anatomical structrures

A
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7
Q

What is the most reliable method of detecting foetal demise?

A

Sonographic evalution of foetal heartbeat

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8
Q

List 6 US features of foetal demise

A

Loss of heart beat

Echogenic fluid in yolk sac

Blurring of foetal margins

Loss of fluid volume

Hypoechogenicity of adjacent uterus

Delayed embryonic development

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9
Q

List 5 RX features of foetal demise

A

Gas within or around foetus

Overlapping cranium

Tightly curled foetus

Delayed development relative to littermates

Collapse of foetal skeletomn

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10
Q

List 3 large groupings of dystocia which can be identiifed radiographically

A

Foetal malposition

Fetomaternal disproportion

Anatomic abnormalities

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11
Q

Foetomaternal disproportion relatively uncommon. Tends to happen in 3 scenarios:

A

Brachycephalics (broad head and flattened pelvis)

Bitch bred to large breed

Single large foetus

** If skull / shoulders wider than pelvic canal in VD, likely cause of dystocia**

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12
Q

List 4 reported types of uterine congenital abnormality

What anomaly is commonly associated?

A

Uterine horn aplasia

Uterine unicornis (Agenesis of one horn)

Uterine horn hypoplasia

Segmental aplasia (absence of body, with fluid filled horns)

**RENAL AGENESIS**

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13
Q

List 4 causes of uterine stump disease

A

Stump pyo - requires progesterone drive from retained ovarian tissue

Haemtoma

Granuloma

Infection / inflammation /abscessation from other cause

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14
Q

List 3 type of uterine neoplasia (all rare)

A

Leiomyoma (MOST COMMON)

Leiomyosarcoma

Polyp - tend to be multiloculated with cystic cavities

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15
Q

What risk is a concern when performing retrograde vaginography?

What dose of contrast is used?

A

Vaginal rupture -> MAKE SURE ballooin is seated in vestibule rather than orifice between vestibule and vagina (cingulum)

1ml/kg typically in dogs

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16
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

Orifice between vagina and vestibule

17
Q

What are the two most common vaginal tumours?

In younger dogs?

A

Leiomyomas and fibromas

(Urethral neoplasia occasionally invades and mimics, tend to be malignant)

IN YOUNGER DOGS (<2) Most commonly vaginal oedema and prolapse occur

18
Q

What radiographic features are described in Vestibulovaginal stenosis?

What clinical features may be present?

A

Severe narrowing at vestibulovaginal junction

+- decrease size of vagina

Traditionally: VV junction <33% height of vagina OR vagina <33% height of Vestibule

  • > normal dogs may fall into these categories however, and dimensions larger in intact dogs
  • > difficult to distinguish from normal

CS: Chronic UTI, incontinence, vaginitis

19
Q

US features of ovarian tissue during oestrus cycle

A

Proestrus: Enlarged and more rounded, follicles may form (enlarge until 1-3 days before ovulation

  • > Anechoic spheical structures 4-6mm with walls <1mm thick
  • > Daily monitoring of Dopller blood flow can accurately predict ovulation

Oestrus:-> Afterovulation, fewer follicles seem. CLs form, increased in size up to 6 days with gradual thickening of the wall

-> similar to follicles hard to distinguish

Dioestrus: Homogeneous, ovoid, 10-20mm, harder to identify

Anoestrus

20
Q

List types of ovarian tumours (and indicate most 2x common / rarer tumours)

Epithelial x 3

Sex cord-gonadal x 5

Mesenchymal x 3

A

Epithelial (more likely than others to occur bilaterally)
Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma =40-50%of canine (sp. papillary adenoma mentioned)

Cystadenomas (+ hormoneproduction)

Undifferentiated carcinoma

Sex Cord gonadal:

Granulosa cell (+hormone production)

Thecoma

Luteoma

(Dysgerminoma) Less common

(Teratoma/Teratocarcinoma) Less common

Mesenchymal (Rare):

Leiomyoma (+ leiomyosarcoma)

Fibromas (+ fibrosarcomas)

Haemangiomas (+ HSA)

21
Q

WHat size has been reported for ovarian cysts that cause endocrine abnormalities?

A

<0.5cm

22
Q

What are the two main types of ovarian cyst reported? How do they differ in their behaviour?

A

Follicular: Inc oestrogen, prolonged pro/oestreus -> YOUNGER

Luteinizing: Inc Prog, prolonged anoestrus -> Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

23
Q

What forms the hyperechoic line surrounding the tescile on US?

A

Tunicea albuginea and parietal / visceral tunics

24
Q

The epidydims constitutes 3 parts. WHich is the larges?

A

Tail = caudally located! (head and body - latter is smallest and hardes to see)

25
Q

Name 3 testicular tumour types (and 3 rare others)

A

Leydig cell - > interstitial cell tumour (+- hormone imbalance)

Sertoli cell -> Sertoli cell tumour => hyperoestregenism, commonly hyperplasia /metaplasiaof prostate

Spermatic germinal epithelium -> seminoma (+- hormone imbalance)

RARE: lymphoma, teratomas, haemangiomas

-> Occur with similar frequency in external testicles, most common in older dogs, rare in cats

40% of dogs have > 1 tumour type

26
Q

Incidence of cryptorchidism in dogs and cats

Normal time of testicular descension

At risk breeds x 2

A

1-15%

By 10 days. If not by 8 weeks = cryptorchid

GSD, boxer

NB: R testicle up to 2x more likely

27
Q

USFeatures of testicular torsion:

A

Large, hypoechoic, reduced doppler, but with retained architecture. Scrotum, epididymis and spermatic cord thickened

IF chronic: Heterogeneous, may be smaller.

Intrabdominal -> usually due to neoplasia

Extraabdomina -> Usualy not

28
Q

US features of orchitis

Causes

A

Enlarged, hypo +- heterogeneous testicle

May be irregular or mass like

May just effect epididymis: hypo with surrounding hyper tissue. If chronic may see reduction in testicular size

May see abscess

Causes: prostatic / ductus deferens bacterial ascension, viral (Dry FIP), rickettsial, fungal

NB: Spermatocoele = cystic dilation of ductal system can occur in epidiymis and testes as complication of vasecotomy or trauma

29
Q

What is the most common type of peritesticular fluid accumulation? What are the options? What are the causes?

A

Hydrocoele most common - trauma, neoplasia, torsion, infarction, herniation or idiopathic

Pyocoele, haematocoele, urine. Also herniated SI

30
Q

List three groupings of intersex condition and describe differences

Which breed is associated with male pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Chromosomal: May not result in anatomical abnormalities, but infertile

Gonadal: e.g. XX hermaphrodities with bilateral testes; XX hermaphrodites with ovaries and testes

-> may see underdeveloped Os Penis

Phenotypic: Chromosomal and gonadal sex the same, but internal or external genitalia inconsistent with sex. “Psuedohermaphrodite” e.g. Female with ovaries but masculinised genitalia.

Peristent mullerian duct syndrome = form of male pseudo, MINI SCHNAUZERS -> testes and external genitalia present but mullerian ducts develop into oviducts. uterus, cervic and cranial vagina

THRALL - Thom (40 decks)

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