45 - Uterus, Ovaries and Testes Flashcards
Describe US features of the uterus in differents stages of the oestrus cycle:
Anoestrus: Endometrium thinnest. No fluid
Proestrus/Oestrus: Mild endometrial thickening; Small amount of luminal fluid
Dieoestrus: Further endometrial thickening -> Progesterone driven glandular hyperplasia
Aging of pregnancy in dog with US x 5
Chorionic vesicle = 18-20 days
Cardiac motion = 23-25 days
Limb buds and echogenic foetal skeleton = by day 35
Foetal movement = >35 days
Foetal mineralisation = 43 days (20-22 days before parturition)
Which anatomic measurements can be used to age?
Also; which 2 measurements are accurate predictors of age (85% litters give birth within 2 days of predicted parturition date)?
Biparietal diameter
Inner Chorionic cavity diameter
Crown-rump length
Body diameter
Bold = accurate predictors
US Aging of pregnancy in the cat x 2
Chorionic vesicle = 15-17 days
Mineralisation = 38 days (25-29 days pre-parturition)
Sonographic evaluation of litter size in dogs +- 1 foetus is possible in what % of dogs?
89.5%
Table of mineralisation of feline and canine anatomical structrures
What is the most reliable method of detecting foetal demise?
Sonographic evalution of foetal heartbeat
List 6 US features of foetal demise
Loss of heart beat
Echogenic fluid in yolk sac
Blurring of foetal margins
Loss of fluid volume
Hypoechogenicity of adjacent uterus
Delayed embryonic development
List 5 RX features of foetal demise
Gas within or around foetus
Overlapping cranium
Tightly curled foetus
Delayed development relative to littermates
Collapse of foetal skeletomn
List 3 large groupings of dystocia which can be identiifed radiographically
Foetal malposition
Fetomaternal disproportion
Anatomic abnormalities
Foetomaternal disproportion relatively uncommon. Tends to happen in 3 scenarios:
Brachycephalics (broad head and flattened pelvis)
Bitch bred to large breed
Single large foetus
** If skull / shoulders wider than pelvic canal in VD, likely cause of dystocia**
List 4 reported types of uterine congenital abnormality
What anomaly is commonly associated?
Uterine horn aplasia
Uterine unicornis (Agenesis of one horn)
Uterine horn hypoplasia
Segmental aplasia (absence of body, with fluid filled horns)
**RENAL AGENESIS**
List 4 causes of uterine stump disease
Stump pyo - requires progesterone drive from retained ovarian tissue
Haemtoma
Granuloma
Infection / inflammation /abscessation from other cause
List 3 type of uterine neoplasia (all rare)
Leiomyoma (MOST COMMON)
Leiomyosarcoma
Polyp - tend to be multiloculated with cystic cavities
What risk is a concern when performing retrograde vaginography?
What dose of contrast is used?
Vaginal rupture -> MAKE SURE ballooin is seated in vestibule rather than orifice between vestibule and vagina (cingulum)
1ml/kg typically in dogs
What is the cingulum?
Orifice between vagina and vestibule
What are the two most common vaginal tumours?
In younger dogs?
Leiomyomas and fibromas
(Urethral neoplasia occasionally invades and mimics, tend to be malignant)
IN YOUNGER DOGS (<2) Most commonly vaginal oedema and prolapse occur
What radiographic features are described in Vestibulovaginal stenosis?
What clinical features may be present?
Severe narrowing at vestibulovaginal junction
+- decrease size of vagina
Traditionally: VV junction <33% height of vagina OR vagina <33% height of Vestibule
- > normal dogs may fall into these categories however, and dimensions larger in intact dogs
- > difficult to distinguish from normal
CS: Chronic UTI, incontinence, vaginitis
US features of ovarian tissue during oestrus cycle
Proestrus: Enlarged and more rounded, follicles may form (enlarge until 1-3 days before ovulation
- > Anechoic spheical structures 4-6mm with walls <1mm thick
- > Daily monitoring of Dopller blood flow can accurately predict ovulation
Oestrus:-> Afterovulation, fewer follicles seem. CLs form, increased in size up to 6 days with gradual thickening of the wall
-> similar to follicles hard to distinguish
Dioestrus: Homogeneous, ovoid, 10-20mm, harder to identify
Anoestrus
List types of ovarian tumours (and indicate most 2x common / rarer tumours)
Epithelial x 3
Sex cord-gonadal x 5
Mesenchymal x 3
Epithelial (more likely than others to occur bilaterally)
Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma =40-50%of canine (sp. papillary adenoma mentioned)
Cystadenomas (+ hormoneproduction)
Undifferentiated carcinoma
Sex Cord gonadal:
Granulosa cell (+hormone production)
Thecoma
Luteoma
(Dysgerminoma) Less common
(Teratoma/Teratocarcinoma) Less common
Mesenchymal (Rare):
Leiomyoma (+ leiomyosarcoma)
Fibromas (+ fibrosarcomas)
Haemangiomas (+ HSA)
WHat size has been reported for ovarian cysts that cause endocrine abnormalities?
<0.5cm
What are the two main types of ovarian cyst reported? How do they differ in their behaviour?
Follicular: Inc oestrogen, prolonged pro/oestreus -> YOUNGER
Luteinizing: Inc Prog, prolonged anoestrus -> Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
What forms the hyperechoic line surrounding the tescile on US?
Tunicea albuginea and parietal / visceral tunics
The epidydims constitutes 3 parts. WHich is the larges?
Tail = caudally located! (head and body - latter is smallest and hardes to see)
