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THRALL - Thom > 10 - Canine and Feline dental disease > Flashcards

10 - Canine and Feline dental disease Flashcards

1
Q

Know your tooth surfaces!

Buccal / labial / vestibular

Lingual

Palatal

Mesial

Distal

A

See pic!!!

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2
Q

Describe the “labial orientation / mounting” system

A
  • Embossed dot on corner of image: Convex towards tube, concave away from tube. ALWAYS POSITIONED ROSTRALLY
  • Maxillary teeth face ventrally; mandibular teeth face dorsally
  • Present as if patient facing you: If caudal (distal) structures are to the left = right arcade (and vice versa)
  • NEVER MIRROR OR FLIP AN INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPH, not true when using near parallel technique.
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3
Q

Which teeth in the dog and cat have three roots?

A

Dog: Maxillary fourth premolar; maxillary first and second molars = 108/208; 109/209; 210/310

Cat: Maxillary fourth premolar = 108/208

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4
Q

What is the main constituent of the opaque structures of the mature crown?

A

Dentin

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5
Q

How thick is enamel typically in the dog / cat?

A

Dog: <0.5mm

Cat: <0.2mm

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6
Q

Dental anatomy: learn picture!

A
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7
Q

Name one place where enamel is more prevalent in canine teeth

A

Low rounded cusps of the maxillary first molar

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8
Q

Which component of teeth comprises 20-30% tubules?

A

Dentin

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9
Q

What does cervical burnout describe?

A

Artefact: Diffuse lucent area in cervical region. Due to overexposure on mesial / distal aspects between edge of enamel cap and alveolar ridge

=> Incorrect dx of resoptive lesions or caries

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10
Q

What does cementum look like radiographically?

A

Not normally visualised due to low contrast with dentin

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11
Q

How frequently are apical delta identified in canine teeth? And non apical root canals?

A

Apical delta: Approximately 70% of teeth

Non apical (lateral) canals: 2.5%

=> between 5-20 ramifications within a given delta

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12
Q

Where / what is the lamina dura?

A

Opaque line around alveolus / tooth socket.

=> not more mineralised, just relates to projection

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13
Q

What may cause a double periodontal ligament space and lamina dura?

A

Convexity on the surface of the root

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14
Q

Name the bones of the skull / face!

A
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15
Q

Where are the following structures identified?

1) Palatine fissures
2) Incisive canal
3) Infraorbital foramen
4) Infraorbital canal

A

1) Palatine fissure: Large opeingns caudal to 3rd incisor
2) Incisive canal: Small opening lcoated at palatel suture linecaudal to central incisors
3) Intraorbital foremen: Infraorbital nerve and vessels. Junction where zygomatic arch joints maxilla
4) Canal: Extends caudally from foramen (short in cats, can have double canal)

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16
Q

Know the anatomy of the mandible!

How many processes does the mandibular ramus have?

What inserts on each process?

A

1) Coronoid process: Temporal muscle
2) Condyloid process: Forms TMJ
3) Angular process: Massester and medial pterygoid

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17
Q

Desscribe normal variants of the mandibular symphysis

A

1) Narrow in larger breed dogs
2) Wider with advanced age
3) Wider with smaller breeds, especially with brachys
4) Geriatric felines; Can be ossified

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18
Q

Where are the. mental foramen found?

A

1) Rostral: smallest, vetnral to area between 1st and 2nd mandibular incisors
2) Middle: Largest, ventral to area between 1st and 2nd premolars
3) Caudal: Between roots of third premolar or absent.

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19
Q

What type of teeth do the cat, dog and horse have?

A

Diphyodont - permanent and deciduous pairs

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20
Q

When is a tooth considered “persistent deciduous tooth”?

A

If a permanent tooth is fully erupted and deciduous counterpart still present

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21
Q

Deciduous dental formulas (dog /cat):

A

Remember:

  • No deciduous molars in dog or cat
  • No deciduous first premolars in dog
  • Deciduous teeth have same appearance as tooth erupting distal to it
  • Deciduous premolars erupt buccal
  • Deciduous max canines are distal, mand canines are labial to permanent
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22
Q

Permanent dental formulas:

A
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23
Q

At what age does apex closure of teeth occur?

What features can be used to age teeth?

A

Dog: 7-10mo

Cat 7-11mo

=> Canines close later, molars close earlier

Aging:

  • Secondary dentin laid down progressively, so narrowing of pulp cavity.
  • Increased opactiy and coarseness of trabecular bone of alveolus and less distinct lamina dura
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24
Q

What is hypercementosis?

A
  • Cemental dysplasia (adaptive change) in periodontal ligament -> inc cementum thickness of root surface, affecting apical third most commonly.

=> not significant unless periapical lucency or other signs of pulpal pathosis

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25
Q

Approximate eruption times

A
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26
Q

At what age can permanent teeth be radiographically evaluated?

A

12 weeks - crowns calcified

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27
Q

Common sites of hypodontia?

A

Small breed dogs: Mandibular second molar

Brachys: Crowded, rotated or absent premolars

28
Q

Where are supernumerary teeth most commonly seen?

A

Incisors, premolars

29
Q

List 5 causes of defects in formation, mineralisation or or maturation during tooth development

A

Trauma,

inflam/infec

Drugs

Nutrition

Metabolic

30
Q

Define concresecense and germination / twinning

A

Both FUSION of two adjacent teeth

Concresence: United by cementum only -> abdnormal pulp cavity radiographically

Germination: Two crowns from one root

Fusion of multirooted teeth more common dog than cat

31
Q

Incidence of supernumerary roots?

A

In dogs and cats. BUT RARE IN DOGS (3% incidence)

Dogs:

  • MAX>MAND
  • 3rd premolar (44%) and first premolar (33%)

Cats:

  • Max 3rd premolar (10% incidence)
32
Q

What is the most common tooth abnormality in the dog?

A

Dilaceration

33
Q

What is Dens in dente (dens invaginatus)?

A
  • Infolding of developing tooth -> periodontal / endodontic involvement

=> Usually with convergent roots and a coronoal displacement of the floor of the pulp chamber at the furcation region

34
Q

What is the most common clinical dental abnormality occuring in dogs and cats?

A

Periodontal disease!

35
Q

What 4 structures constitute the periodontium?

A

Attaches tooth to the jaw!

Gingiva

Periodontal ligament

Cementum

Alveolar bone

36
Q

List 7 descriptors of periodontitis

A

Alveolar marginal bone loss

Horizontal bone loss

Vertical bone loss

Combined (horizontal and vertical) bone loss

Furcation exposure

Furcation involvement = loss of bone between roots

Widening of periodontal ligament space

37
Q

List 3 common complications of periodontal disease. And one less common

A
  • Endodontic disease
  • External root resorption
  • Weakness / fracture of mandible
  • (Oronasal fistula)
38
Q

What is the common statement in veterinary dentistry!

A

85% of dogs and cats > 6yrs have periodontal disease (Inc gingivitis and alveolar bone loss)

39
Q

What is the difference between abrasion and attrition?

A

Abrasion: Gradual wear against external source e.g. foreign objects, allergic derm

Attrition: Due to wear against teeth, commonly malocclusion

40
Q

What are caries? Where do they commonly develop? Why are dogs not predisposed (5% incidence / never reported in cats?

A
  • Bacterial infection starting on tooth surface, extending to pulp
  • Most common sites:

pits/fissures on molar occlusal surfaces (Type 1)

Developmental groove of max 4th premolar

Distal cusp mandibular first molar

  • Conical shape (molars more susceptible), and more alkaline saliva pH (7.5 vs 6.5) buffer to acids
41
Q

What are clinical signs of endodontic disease?

A

Fracture with pulpal exposure

Discoloured tooth

Intraoral draining fistula (parulis)

Extraoral draining fistula

=> Definitive dx can be difficult as unable to reliably test pulp in animals

42
Q

In the absence of radiographic evidence of disease, what percentage of teeth had histologically confirmed periodontal disease?

A

40%!

*Rx has POOR PPV for periapical disease*

43
Q

List 7 radiographic signs of endodontic lesions in periapical tissues:

A
  • Periapical widening of periodontal ligmanet space / apical oedema (apical peridontitis)
  • Loss of lamina dura in peripaical region / lateral canals (if present)
  • Diffuse periapical luceny -> may reflect abscess
  • Well-defined periapical lucency -> more chronic lesion e.g. cyst / granuloma
  • Sclerosing osteitis (inc opacity surrounding periapical lucency
  • Change in periapical trabecular bone (sinus tract or parulis)
44
Q

List 5 radiographic endodontic lesions of the tooth

A
  • Periapical root resorption
  • Internal surface resorption
  • External root resorption
  • Pulpal necrosis (wider root canal)
  • Pulpitis (maturation of tooth)
45
Q

What is a chevron lucency?

A
  • Artefactual lucency, commonly dog canines and max incisors. Due to trabecular bone / vascular channels.
46
Q

What is condensing osteitis / focal sclerosing osteomyelitis? How does it differ from osteosclerosis?

A
  • Inflam condition -> focal bony reaction due to loq grade inflamm stimulus of non-vital tooth.

=> Well-defined opacity of variable size adjacent to and associated with apex that has widened ligmanet or periapical lucency

=> DISTINGUISHING FEATURE -> TOOTH ALWAYS NON-VITAL

47
Q

What are the features of osteosclerosis?

A
  • Benign bony proiferation, not associated with endodontic disease
  • Opacities usually <1cm, circular
48
Q

Learn stages (severity) and types (location) of feline resorptive lesions

A

*See text in thrall for details*

49
Q

Regarding resorptive lesions:

Which features are associated with increased incidence in cats (x2)?

Reported in how many dogs?

A
  • Older age and asian short-hair (siamese) breed
  • 54% dogs, 11% teeth. Slower progression, less associated tooth loss
  • > Age and BW in dogs assocaited with external replacement resoption

=> Most commonly frst max premolar, second mand premolar.

50
Q

What % of discoloured teeh in dogs with pulpitis become non-vital?

A

92%

51
Q

List 6 classifications of tooth fracture

A
  • Enamel infarction:

=> incomplete fracture/crack in enamel, no loss of tooth substance

  • Enamel fracture:

=> as above, loss of substance

  • Uncomplicated crown fracture:

=> no pulpal involvment

  • Complicated crown fracture:

=> pulpal involvement

  • Complicated crown-root fracture:

=> Pulpal involvment

  • Root fracture
52
Q

What are odontogenic cysts? Where are they found?

List 5 types.

Which dogs overrepresented?

A

Epithelium-lined concavities, found on tooth bearing surfaces of mand / max

Dentigerous; eruption; periapical; odontogenic; lateral periodontal / radicular cysts

Can be inflammatory or developmental

Can undergo malignant transformation, and malignant neoplasia can be cystic. Hard to distinguish.

44% are incidental!

59% of cases are brachycephalics (pugs and boxers overrepresented

53
Q

What is the most common odontogenic cyst in dogs?

A

Dentigerous cysts

Commonly young, and brachys

54
Q

Describe rx appearance of dentifgerous cyst

A

Well demarcated, uni/multilocular lucency centred on crown of unerupted tooth, and attached to cementoenamel junction

Tooth often displaced.

Well defined cortical bone expansion may occur

Occasional root absoprtion of adjacent teeth

55
Q

What is an eruption cyst?

A

Benign soft tissue cyst, accompanying an erupting primary or permanent tooth

Rx: Difficult to distinguish cystic space as both cyst and tooth are in soft tissues.

Yorkies with unerupted teeth at 9-10mo overrepresented

56
Q

What is a periapical cyst?

A

Inflammatory cyst, associated with pre-existing periapical granuloma of a non-vital tooth

=> Epithealial proliferation.

Rx: Lucent, well defined round / oval, unilocular, periapical lesion, <1cm. CANNOT differentiate from periapical granuloma.

May resorb tooth, displace teeth, cause root resorption.

57
Q

What is a lateral periodontal / radicular cyst?

A

Discovered in lateral periodontal region of vital tooth. Most commonly max canines of the dog

Rx: Well defined, circumscribed, round to ovoid, lucent lesion with sclerotic margin, pregerntiall localised between apex and cervical margin of tooth. Mostly unilocular. but polycystic variant exists.

58
Q

What is an odontogenic keratocyst (canine odontogenic parakeratinised cyst)?

A

Contains viscous or caseous material derived from epithelial lining.

MINI SCHNAUZERS

AGGRESSIVE and DESTRUCTIVE behaviour, tend to recur. No evidence of metastasisyet reported

EXCLUSIVELY MAXILLA, fully erupted vital teeth

Rx: extensive inter-radicular expalnsion, cortical thinning, displacement of teeht

59
Q

What does epulis mean?

A

ONLY MEANS On the gingiva .

Can be cyst or tumour!!

60
Q

What are the two most common type of odontogenic tumour in the dog?

A

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma (Acanthomatous epulis)

Peripheral odonogenic fibroma (Fibromatous epulis)

61
Q

What is an ameloblastoma?

A

EPITHELIAL

Ectodermal origin, benign neoplasm

Central (less common):

  • Within cortical bone -> “soap bubble”
  • Displacement of teeth without resorption

Peripheral / acanthomatous (most common odontogenic tumour)

  • Aggressively invades bone
  • 45% of odonotgenic tumours in dogs
  • ROSTRAL MANDIBLE most common
  • Rx: bony infiltration, extensive destruction, displacement of teeth
62
Q

What is an amyloid-producing odontogenic tumour?

A

EPITHELIAL

RARE

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour

  • Bony or gingival expansion.

Rx: Locally invasive, may have cystic appearance

63
Q

What is a feline-inductive odontogenic tumour?

A

EPITHELIAL

YOUNG CATS (8-18mo)

Raised submucosal soft tissue mass, typically rostral maxilla

No capsule, lesion invases bone

64
Q

What is a peripheral odontogenic fibroma?

A

MESENCHYMAL

Slow-growing, benign neoplasm

Prliferation of fibrous tissue. Variety of osteoid, dentin or cemenum. like material.

Rx: Vary according to constituent substances

65
Q

What is an odontoma?

A

MIXED MESENCHYMAL + EPITHELIAL

Benign, young cats and dogs (6-18mo)

May be associated with unerupted tooth, detigerous cyst, or normal tooth

Overrepresented in spaniels

Compound odontoma:
- Variable number of rudimentary tooth like structures

Complex odontoma:
- Opaque amorphous mass

THRALL - Thom (40 decks)

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