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THRALL - Thom > 11. Nasal cavity > Flashcards

11. Nasal cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different skull types?

A

Brachycephalic: Short, wide

Mesaticephalic: Medium length

Dolichocephalic: Longer nose.

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2
Q

Describe three key anatomical areas of interest for the occipital bone

A

1) Occipital crest - most dorsocaudal aspect of skull
2) Forms base of skull!
3) Occipital condyles -> caudoventral, surround foramen magnum

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3
Q

Describe features of the vomer bone

A

UNPAIRED

Forms caudoventral aspect of nasal septum

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4
Q

Name three sinuses / recesses of skull (both dogs and cats)

A

Frontal

Maxially (recess)

Sphenoidal (small)

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5
Q

The tympanic bullae are part of which bone?

A

Temporal

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6
Q

Name three portions of the temporal bone

A

Petrous: Medial and dorsal to bullae -> DENSE
Squamous -> Extends rostrally and laterally to form zygomatic arch (ZYGOMATIC PROCESS)

Tympanic: Bullae!

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7
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Condylar

Temporal part = zygomatic process of squamous temporal bone (forms mandibular fossa and retroarticular process)

Mandibular part = condyloid process -> articulates with mandibular fossa

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8
Q

List 4 radiographic signs of hydrocephalus

A

Doming of calvarium,

Open fontanelle,

Homogeneous appearance (loss of convolutional markings of skull)

Cortical thinning.

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9
Q

How does occipital dysplasia look? Which breeds?

A

Dorsal extension of the foramen magnum.

Miniature and toy breeds. May be normal variant in brachys.

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10
Q

Describe pathophysiology of “Chiari-like malformation”

A

HEREDITARY - malformation of occipital bone -> Overcrowding of caudal fossa, obstructed CSF flow -> Syrinx and hydrocephalus.

CKCS, other brachys

*Larger syrinx more likely to be clinically affected*

* Foramen magnum size correlates with size and length of cerebellar herniation*

Localises to central spinal lesion, phantom scratching.

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11
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to open mouth jaw locking / asymptomaitc TMJ dysplasia?

A

Bassets and Irish setters -> symptomatic. Condyloid process moves lateral to zygomatic process, tends to become physically entrapped on side CONTRALATERAL to worst changes.

Spaniels, pekingnese and dachs -> Asymptomatic anatomical variant of TMJ dysplasia

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12
Q

What is Mucopolysaccharidosis?? Which breeds are affected? WHat are the radiographic features?

A

MPS VI - AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE in SIAMESE!

  • Lysosomal storage disease
  • Rx: Epiphyseal dysplasia, osteporosis, pectus excavatum, head (shortened nasal conchae, aplasia / hypo of sphenoid and frontal sinuses; shortened incisive and maxillary bones), and spinal changes

MPS 1 - documented in DSH

  • SImilar, but facial dysmorphia may not be as pronounced
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13
Q

Hyperparathyroidism! Basic pathophys, primary vs secondary types / causes.

A

Inc PTH -> hypercalcaemia, and bone resorption

PRIMARY: Adenoma, adenocarcinoma, hyperplasia

SECONDARY: nutritional, renal-> non-endocrine alterations in ca and phos homeostasis

Rx: LOSS OF LAMINA DURA (early sign), osteolysis and osteomalacia (demineralisation of skull)

=> Severity depends on duration. Also young animals more affected due to rapid bone turnover

  • WHEN EXTREME -> Replacement by fibrous tissue (Fibrous osteodystrophy) -> skull thickening
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14
Q

US features of primary hyperpara

A

3-23mm mass in +++ dogs (129/130 in study)

Also, 31% cystic calculi -> All calcium phos or ox

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15
Q

What are the most common nasal tumours in dogs / cats?

A

2/3rds = epithelial -> Adenocarcinoma, SCC, undifferentiated carcinoma

1/3rd = mesenchymal -> FSA / CSA / OSA

  • IN CATS, also lymphoma prevalent
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16
Q

Rx of nasal tumours

Which features are associated with worse px?

A

Lysis of conchae, inc opacity of nasal cavity…. May be uni or bilateral

ALSO!! Look for lysis of adjacent bones, increased opacity of frontal sinuses (tumour extension vs occlusion of drainage)

Look for cribriform plate lysis, bony destruction -> worse px

17
Q

Which rx views are best for assessment of nasal tumours?

A

Intraoral DV -> best as caudal placement of plate better allows for evaluation crib plate

Openmouth VD

+- rostrocaudal frontal sinus projection

18
Q

On CT, what features are considered hallmark of nasal neoplasia?

A

MASS EFFECT and lysis

=> Mass effect, no lysis - more typical of infection

=> Lysis no mass effect - fungal rhiniits

19
Q

What are the common mandibular and maxillary tumours of the dog and cat?

A

SCC - both

Fibrosarcoma, Melanoma - DOG

20
Q

Features of canine SCC?

Features of canine FSA?

Features of canine oral melanoma?

A

SCC:

  • Rostral mandibular location
  • Lysis, with rare mets.
  • 82% with bone involvement

FSA:

  • Large breeds, particularly GRet
  • max and mand, but PALATE predilection
  • 78% with bone involvement

Melanoma:

  • All sized dogs!
  • Frequent nodal and pulmonary mets
  • Variable lysis
21
Q

Mutilobulated osteochondrosarcoma (MLO)! Features

A
  • older large dogs,
  • Temporo-occipital region typically, but also reported: zygomatic, tympanic, orbit, max, mand, hard palate.
  • Well-defined, granular (popcorn) appearance, lysis of adjacent bone
22
Q

Skull OSA! How common? Where? Rx?

Osteoma. How different?

A
  • 10-15% of canine OSA occur from skull
  • Max (43.7%) > Mand (32.8%) > calvarium (23.5%)
  • If cranial vault, more well-defined than appendicular or other skull site -> OSTEOBLASTIC. Contain granular areas of calcification.

Osteoma - slow growing, benign. No lysis.

23
Q

Nasal aspergillosis! Features:

A

Non-brachy, young (<4) dogs

  • Primarily A. fumigatus
  • Rx: Lysis of conchae with punctate lucencies, inc ST of cavity, +- frontal sinus involvement (opacity +- mottled bony thickening). In advanced disease, nasal septum erosion or deviation.
24
Q

Feline nasal fungal disease! Which spp.?

A
  • CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS (more common in cats) -> non-destructive hyperplastic rhinitis
  • Also: Asper, hyalohypohmycosis
25
Q

What MRI features have been described in canine rhinitis (fungal vs lympoplasmacytic)?

A

Fungal: Turbinate lysis and T1w HYPER common

Inflamm: Lysis in about half, but T1w ISO turbinates

26
Q

Rx features of otitis (inc views)

A
  • OE: Ventrodorsal, may see stenosis or mineralisation
  • OM: Lateral oblique or open mouth views, Inc opacity of bulla, bony thickening.
27
Q

What percentrage of OM ears appear normal radiographically cf surgical findings of disease?

A

25%

28
Q

What % of cats undergoing imaging of the skull had incidental middele ear disease?

A

34% (A third!)

=> Most with concurrent nasal disease

29
Q

What feature of Aspergillus otitis is mentioned in Thrall!

A

Unilateral typically

30
Q

Which breed is assocaited with primary secretory otitis media? What clinical presentation may be observed?

A

CKCS, head/neck pain and neuro signs -> can make differentiation from e.g. chiari challenging

31
Q

Which nerve and which muscle are associated with eustachian tube dysfucntion?

A

Trigeminal nerve, TENSOR VELI PALATINI

32
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyps! Where do they originate from? Described features?

A

MIDDLE EAR OR AUDITORY TUBE (Eustachian) -> may extend into external, bulla or nasopharynx

CT RIM ENHANCEMENT

Rx: Nasopharyngeal ST mass , otitis media.

33
Q

Two most common external ear canal tumours

A

SCC

Mucinous gland adenocarcinoma

-> obliterate external ear canal, bony lysis.

Dogs survive longer than cats

34
Q

Choleasteatoma features

A
  • Middle ear
  • Benign and slow growing

CT: Severe bullae changes -> lysis, prolif, sclerosis, expansion of cavity, TMJ scelreosis / prolif. Can cause intracranial effects if petrosal portion of temporal bone effected. Usually minimal contrast enhancement, but ring has been reported

35
Q

TMJ Lux! Which direction (and why)? Which views? Which structures may be fractured?

A
  • Tends to be rostrodorsal (retroarticular process is caudoventral preventing this)
  • VD, 20 deg lateral oblique in cats (variable angle of angylation in dogs due to conformation)

Associated fractures: Mandibular fossa, retroarticular process, condyloid process, zygomatic prcess.

36
Q

Craniomandibular osteopatht (CMO)! Breeds, pathophys, Rx

A
  • WHWT, Cairn, Boston
  • OTher: Labs, Dobie, bullmastiff
  • Pathophys: unknown, although autosomal recessive in WHWT
  • Sig: YOUNG (3-8mo)
  • CS: Mand swelling, prehension difficulties, pain, pyrexia. SELF LIMITING, with proliferation stopping with bony maturation.
  • ASSOCIATED metaphyseal changes in long bones, similar to hypertrophic osteodystrophy
  • Rx: Irreg new bone, primarily mandible, tymp bull, petrous. Uni or bilateral.
37
Q

Calvarial hyperostosis syndrome! Which breeds, and how does it differ from CMO?

A

BULLMASTIFFS, young male or female

  • SMOOTH thickening of calvarial bones to various degress.

THRALL - Thom (40 decks)

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