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THRALL - Thom > 14. XR Vertebrae > Flashcards

14. XR Vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joints are articular process joints?

A

Diarthroidal (synovial)

=> provide dorsal mechanical stabilisation

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2
Q

Describe x5 unique anatomical features of C1

A
  • Well devloped arch
  • No distinct endplates or dorsal spinous process
  • Rudimentary body
  • Enlarged transverse processes (wings)
  • Articulate with occipital condyles (atlanto-occipital joint), and caudally with C2 (atlantoaxial joint)
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3
Q

Describe x5 unique features of C2

A
  • ELongated vertebral body
  • Massive spinous process
  • Dens (originates from interventrum of C1, but attaches to C2 during development)
  • Small trans process, 2 cranial articular processes (articulate with fovea of C1)
  • Caudal endplate
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4
Q

Describe 4 unique features of the sacrum

A
  • 3 fused vertebrae, broad in trans plane
  • Articulate cranially with L7, caudally with Ca1 and laterally will ilial wings
  • “Median sacral crest”
  • Sacroiliac joint (combined synovial and cartilageneous joint)
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5
Q

How many caudal vertebrae are there in the dog? What are hemel arches?

A
  • 6-23 caudal vertebrae

=> Cranially, similar to lumbar. Caudal to Ca6 -> elongated and lack vertebral arch

HEMEL ARCHES! Cd4-6: Ventral, and protect median coccygeal artery

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6
Q

Which 3 ligaments stabilise the Atlantoaxial joint?

A
  • Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament
  • Apical ligament of dens (inc alar branches)
  • Transverse ligament of the atlas
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7
Q

In the dog, where is the nuchal ligament located? Function?

A
  • Extends from spinaous process of C2 (axis) -> spinous processes of first 3 thoracic vertebrae
  • Continues caudally as the supraspinous ligament
  • Prevents abnormal separation of the spinous processes during flexion.

***NOT PRESENT IN CAT***

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8
Q

Which short ligaments join vertebrae?

A
  • interspinous ligaments -> dorsal process to dorsal process
  • Interarcuate (yellow) ligaments -> arch to arch

=> COLLECTIVELY = ligamentum flavum

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9
Q

List the key ligaments of the vertebral column

A
  • AA ligaments: Apical ligament of dens (and alar branches); dorsal AA ligament; Transverse lig of atlas
  • Nuchal ligament (dogs) -> Supraspinous ligament caudal to T3
  • Interspinous ligaments (short)
  • Interarcuate lig (short) 9YELLOW)
  • Dorsal longitudinal lig (VENTRAL VERTEBRAL CANAL)
  • Ventral longitudinal lig (VENTRAL TO VERTEBRAL BODIES)
  • Intercapital lig (T2-T11)

-

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10
Q

What role do the intercapital ligs have? What is the clinical relevance?

A
  • T2-T11 -> between rib heads

=> Reduced incidence of disc herniation T1-T11

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11
Q

Describe block vertebrae

A
  • Fusion of 2+ adjacent vertebral bodies +- arches
  • May predispose to adjacent disc disease due to action as fulcrum
  • CERVICAL and lumbar locations
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12
Q

Describe hemivertebrae

A
  • Incomplete development or ossification of part of vertebra (usually body) e.g. butterfly
  • Often associated kyphosis, may lead to extradural compression
  • Decreased rib spacing is a clue
  • Not to be confused with compression fracture. Multiplicity, presence in brachys and well-defined margins help with this.
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13
Q

SEE TABLE OF KEY ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF VERT COLUMN

A
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14
Q

Describe transitional vertebrae

A
  • Vertbrae at junctions which have charactersitics of two anatomical divisions e.g. LS, TL

NOTE: LS TRANSITIONAL -> disc degen, instability, spondylosis, nerve root compression. ASSOCIATION WITH LS DISC DISEASE AND NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION

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15
Q

Describe spina bifida

A
  • Failure of development of vertebral arch +- neural tube
  • With neural tube defect may see menignocoele / meningomyelocoele
  • Often less severe if thoracic as rarely neural tube defect, MORE SEVERE AT LS JUNCTION
  • Most common manifestationis split dorsal spinous process

***BULLDOGS AND MANX CATS**

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16
Q

Describe AA Subluxation

A
  • C2 displaced dorsally relative to C1 -> extradural compression
  • Congenital vs traumatic
  • Congenital: Often associated with lack of dens / ligamentous structures (x3…. REMEMBER)
  • Toy breeds e.g. yorkie
  • Dx: Lateral rad. True lateral will hide dens (Atlas superimposed). Left 15-30 degree ventral, right dorsal to negate this

=> LOOK for fractures etc

  • TWO FEATURES: Parallel dorsal laminae (MOST RELIABLE), increased distance between vert arch of atlas and spinous process of axis
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17
Q

List x5 abnormalities contributing to CSM

List 3 secondary changes seen with CSM

A

Abnormalities:

  • Malformation of vert body
  • Malformation of articular processes
  • Malarticulation
  • Instability and malalignment
  • Stenosis of vert canal

2ry:

  • Hypertrophy of dorsal longitudinal ligament
  • Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum
  • Disc protrusion / herniation

=> Static or dynamic extradural compression.

18
Q

Describe 4x typical features of Doberman CSM

A
  • Vertebral canal stenosis (cone shaped, narrow cranially)
  • Disc protrusion / extrusion
  • Hypertrophy of dorsal longitudinal ligament
  • Cranioventral flattening of vertebrae

-

19
Q

Desribe typical features of G. Dane CSM

A
  • Articular process malformation
  • Associated Hyperostosis

=> dorsolateral compression of cord

**SYNOVIAL CYSTS also seen**

20
Q

Which radiographic measurements have been described for CSM?

A
  • Mediolateral projection -> doberman (measurements not included)
  • VD projection -> distance between articular process joints : vertebral body width
21
Q

What radiographic feature of compression vertebral fractures should be remembered! Which vertebrae tend to demonstrate this?

A

Shortening of vertebral body!

Thoracic vertbrae and L7!

22
Q

What is the sens of radiography for detecting vertebral fractures? And luxations?

A

Fractures: 72%

Luxations: 77%

23
Q

Describe the three compartment model of vertebral fractures (inc. which parts comprise each compartment)

A
  • if 2 compartments effected -> UNSTABLE

Dorsal: Vertebral arch, articular processes, and supportive ligaments

Middle: Dorsal longitudinal ligament, dorsal annulus, dorsal portion of vertebral body

Ventral: Remainder of vertebral body, annulus fibrosus, ventral longitudinal ligament

24
Q

Which 4 sites are listed as common for disc prolapse?

A

C2/3; C3/4; T12/13, T13/L1

25
Q

Describe type 1 and type 2 disc disease

A

Type 1: Chondrodystrophic dogs typically, extrusion of material ACUTE

(ANNPE is type 1 with hydrated material extrudes under pressure)

=> Chondroid degeneration of NP, dehydration / mineralisation and reduced shock absoprtion

Type 2: Chronic, progressive, protrusion, ACUTE ON CHRONIC

=> Fibroid degeneration of NP, dehydration +- mineralisation, annular tear

26
Q

List 5 radiographic features that may be seen with disc disease

A

1) Narrowing of intervertebral disc space
2) Narrowing of articular process joint space
3) Narrowing of foramen
4) Increased opacity within foramen
5) Presence of mineralised material within vertebral canal

27
Q

Which disc spaces are normally narrower than others?

A

T10/11 and L5/6

28
Q

What is spondylitis?

List three causes

Rx appearance?

A

Inflammation of the vertbrae

Causes: Grass awn, Spirocerca lupi, microbial infection.

Rx: Increased opacity of body, periosteal reaction, lysis

29
Q

Which parasite causes spondylitis? Which sites? Rx appearance?

A

Spirocerca lupi

T8-11

Osseus proliferation at ventral aspect of vertebral bodies

30
Q

Describe features of vertebral physitis

A
  • Young dogs
  • Lysis centred on physeal zone of vertebrae, sparing end-plates -> collapse / endplate sclerosis may develop
  • Proposed haematogenous mechanism: Acinetobacter and Enterococci reported
31
Q

Define discospondylitis.

Common isolates x4.

Rx features

A
  • Infection of disk and endplates -> usually haematogenous / grass awn
  • Staph, Strep, Brucella, E.coli
  • Rx: Endplate lysis with extension into vertebral body -> collapse of space, sclerosis of endplates, ventral enthesophytes, subluxation

NB: MR, CT and US have been shown to identifiy features before XR

32
Q

Define spondylosis.

What structures are involved?

When is significance attributed?

A
  • Ankylosis of vertebral joint
  • Enthesophytes -> SHARPEY FIBRES joining disc to endplates
  • When fusion present, assume some effect on adjacent discs
  • Significance considered if: concurrent prolapsed disc, bony impingment on cord or nerve roots
33
Q

What is the termination of the spinal cord called? Where is it located in cats and dogs?

A

Conus medullaris

L6-7 in dogs

L7 in cats

=> caudal to this = cauda equina

34
Q

What unusual lesion of the sacrum has been associated with cauda equine ain GSDs?

A
  • OCD like lesion of cranial endplate -> disc prolapse and compression
35
Q

What are the most common primary vertebral neoplasms in dogs and cats? Two less common ones?

A

SARCOMAS - OSA, FSA, CSA, HSA

Less common - LSA, MM

NB: METS (Carcinoma or sarcoma) MORE COMMON THAN PRIMARY

36
Q

Sites of primary vs metastatic neoplasia in dogs?

A

Primary: Thoracic!

Metastatic: Lumbar!

37
Q

Which vertebral site has coarse trabecular bone in older animals, not to be confused with neoplasia?

A

C2!

38
Q

Features of inflammatory vertebral disease (table)

A
39
Q

What 2 characteristics of metastatic vertebral lesions are required to be visible on XR (in people)?

A
  • 50-75% loss of calcium content
  • 1.5cm diameter
40
Q

List 7 factors associated with DISH (disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)

How many required for dx?

A
  • REQUIRE 4 for dx
    1) Ventrolateral bridging ossification 3 contiguous vertebral bodies
    2) Preservation of disc space and absence of degenerative disc changes
    3) Articular process OA
    4) Pseudoarthrosis spinous processes
    5) Enthesophytosis of axial / appendicular skeleton
    6) Osteophytes, sclerosis and anklyosis of SI joints
    7) Ankylosis of pelvic pubic symphysis
41
Q

What features of Mucopolysaccharoidosis are seen in the vertebrae?

A
  • Vertebral epiphyseal dysplasia -> remodelling and shape change of vertebrae
  • Abnormal development of the dens

RX: small, irregular vertebral epiphyses / end plates. TYPICAL

THRALL - Thom (40 decks)

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