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IGCSE Chemistry > 4.5 - Organic I > Flashcards

4.5 - Organic I Flashcards

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1
Q

pure substances - e.g. element or a compound, melt and boil at

A

fixed temperature

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2
Q

mixtures melt and boil

A

over a range of temperatures.

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3
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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4
Q

A functional group

A

an atom or a group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a compound

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5
Q

a homologous series is a group of substances with:

A
  • the same general formula
  • similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group
  • a trend (graduation) in physical properties
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6
Q

isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different structure

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7
Q

crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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8
Q

describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions

A

Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation.
Crude oil is heated and the oil evaporates.
The gas goes into the fractional distillation tower.
- As the gas rises the temperature falls.
Fractions with higher boiling points condense –> collected nearer the bottom of the tower

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9
Q

1 carbon

A

meth-

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10
Q

2 carbons

A

eth-

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11
Q

3 carbons

A

prop-

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12
Q

4 carbons

A

but-

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13
Q

5 carbons

A

pent-

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14
Q

6 carbons

A

hex-

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15
Q

prefix for compounds

A

MEPB
monkeys eat peanut butter

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16
Q

alkanes - ane

A

C-C
C-H

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17
Q

alkenes - ene

A

C=C

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18
Q

alcohols - ol

A

OH

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19
Q

if given molecular formula is C2H6 what is the structural formula

A

C2 = two Cs
H6 - six Hs

CH3 CH3

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20
Q

addition reactions involve

A

one product

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21
Q

substitution reactions involve

A

two products

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22
Q

combustion involves reaction of a

A

fuel with oxygen
if products are water and carbon dioxide its a hydrocarbon

23
Q

how does fractional distillation separate crude oil into fractions

A
  • oil heated in fractionating column
  • oil evaporates and condenses at diff temps
  • hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions
  • fractions contain molecules with similar number of carbon atoms
  • vaporised oil rises up column and fractions are tapped off at different levels where they condense
24
Q

refinery gases used for

A

domestic heating and cooking

25
Q

gasoline used for

A

fuel for cars

26
Q

kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft

27
Q

diesel

A

fuel for trains and some cars

28
Q

fuel oil

A

fuel for large ships and in some power stations

29
Q

bitumen

A

surface roads and roofs

30
Q

order of main fractions

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen

31
Q

short molecules /BP/viscosity of main fractions

A

short molecule - lower temp which it condenses - lower BP - less viscous

32
Q

colours darker at the bottom fractions

A

longer molecules

33
Q

fuel

A

substance that releases heat energy when burned

34
Q

products of complete combustion

A

CO2 and H2O produced

35
Q

products of incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide released
- solid particles of soot(carbons) and unburnt fuel released

36
Q

incomplete combustion

A

not enough oxygen -> some fuel doesn’t burn

37
Q

why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A
  • prevents RBC carrying oxygen around body
  • lead to difficulty breathing and death
38
Q

in car engines how is oxides of nitrogen produced

A

temperature in high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react
- forms nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen dioxide

39
Q

how does combustion of impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in sulphur dioxide

A

most fuels contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may contain sulphur
- when fuels are burnt sulphur is oxidised to product sulphur dioxide

40
Q

how does sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain

A
  • when emitted they react with rain water to create H+ ions
  • acid corrodes rocks/buildings
  • alters soil pH in soil/rivers, affects ecosystem
  • corrodes limestones in statues
41
Q

how are long-chain alkanes converted to alkenes and shorter chain alkenes

A

hydrocarbons cracked to produce smaller and more useful molecules
- heat hydrocarbons to vaporise them
- passed over hot catalyst (silica)
- mixed with steam and heated to high temp (600-700) so the thermal decomposition reactions occur

42
Q

alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

43
Q

products of cracking

A

alkanes
unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes

44
Q

alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

45
Q

why are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons

A

contains no C=C bonds
saturated - all carbons has max 4 bonds

46
Q

describe reaction of alkanes with halogens in pre scene of UV radiation

A

halogen + alkane –(UV)–> halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide

47
Q

functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

48
Q

why are alkenes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

contains one or more C=C double bonds

49
Q

describe reactions to produce dibromoalkanes

A

alkene + bromine –> dibromoalkanes
- removal of C=C

50
Q

how can bromine water distinguish alkane and alkene

A

alkene - reacts with bromine water, orange –> colourless
alkanes - doesn’t reacts with bromine water, remains orange

51
Q

addition polymer is formed by

A

joining up many small molecules called monomers

52
Q

addition polymer drawing

A
  • line through two brackets
  • removal of C=C
  • brackets with n
  • poly(__)
53
Q

problems in disposal of addition polymers

A
  • unbiodegradable , microorganisms are unable to break them down since they are inert
  • produces toxic gases when burnt
  • CO2 releases when burnt, global warming

IGCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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