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Microbiology > 4.45 > Flashcards

4.45 Flashcards

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1
Q

Two key public health measures have a major effect on lowering the
incidence of infectious disease:
(2)

A
  1. Public sanitation

2. Vaccines

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2
Q
  1. Public sanitation
A

Potable water supplies, sewage disposal, improvements in housing

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3
Q
  1. Vaccines
A

Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses

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4
Q

Vaccine -

A

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms

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5
Q

Vaccines may consist of the following:

3

A
  1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms
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6
Q

Active immunization -

A

administration of a vaccine

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7
Q

Passive immunization -

A

administration of exogenously produced

or preformed antibodies

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8
Q

Passive immunization - postexposure treatment

A

Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary
protection or treatment.

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9
Q

Newborns receive natural passive immunization

A

maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is present in breast milk

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10
Q

Uses of passive immunization: (4)

A
  1. To prevent disease after a known exposure
  2. To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. To protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the
    diseases they cause
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11
Q

Human Immune Globulins
used against:
(6)

A 
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Varicella zoster
Tetanus
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12
Q

Animal Antitoxins
used against:
(2)

A

Botulism

Diphtheria

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13
Q

Passive immunization
Limitations
(4)

A

sometimes antiviral antibody titers not high enough
contamination with other infectious agents
need to use early after exposure- often this is not possible
some viruses have a limited extracellular phase- herpesviruses, enteroviruses

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14
Q

Active immunization

Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses (2)

A 
Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
Live vaccines (attenuated)
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15
Q

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

4

A

No risk of infection
Use large amounts of antigen
Inactivate or kill by chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) or heat
for bacteria, viruses, or bacterial toxins
Purify or synthesize subunits or components of the infectious agent

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16
Q

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
(3)
— required to boost the immunogenicity of these vaccines

A

Adjuvants
Alum (aluminum salt)
Modern adjuvants are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs
Adjuvants influence the type of immune response

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17
Q

Adjuvants required to boost the immunogenicity of these vaccines
Modern adjuvants are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs
(3)

A

bacterial cell wall components
synthetic polymers
bacterial toxins (attenuated)

18
Q

Active immunization
Some disadvantages
(5)

A
  1. Immunity is not usually long-lived (generates a Th2 response that does not elicit
    effective immune memory)
  2. Immunity may be humoral and not cell-mediated
  3. The vaccine does not usually elicit a local IgA response
  4. Booster shots are required
  5. Larger doses must be used
19
Q

Active immunization
Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
Bacterial vaccines (5)

A 
toxoids
inactivated (killed) bacteria
Vibrio cholera
capsule or protein subunits of bacteria
Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens
20
Q

toxoids

2

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani

21
Q

capsule or protein subunits of bacteria

Capsular polysaccharide vaccines:

A

Haemophilus influenzae B

22
Q

Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens

A

Hib polysasccharide + diphtheria toxoid

23
Q

Viral vaccines

2

A 
inactivated viruses (polio, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies)
protein subunits of viruses (hepatitis B)
24
Q

Active immunization
Live vaccines
(5)

A

Use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms
Immunization resembles the natural infection
Only a single dose usually required
Immunity is generally long-lived
No adjuvant required

25
Q

Immunization resembles the natural infection

2

A

host reaction progresses through Th1 and Th2 immune responses
humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses are developed

26
Q

Active immunization
Live vaccines
Some disadvantages
(3)

A
  1. Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or
    pregnant women, who do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a
    weakened infection
  2. The vaccine microorganism may revert to a virulent form (for viruses)
  3. The viability of the vaccine must be maintained
27
Q

Live vaccines
Bacterial vaccines
Calmette-Guerin bacillus (tuberculosis) (3)

A

attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
not routinely used in United States because vaccinated individuals show false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country (PPD test = purified protein derivative test)

28
Q

Viral vaccines
MMR vaccine
(4)

A 
measles virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Morbillivirus)
mumps virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Paramyxovirus)
rubella virus (Togavirus family; genus Rubivirus)
Varicella-zoster virus (also available as part of MMRV vaccine)
29
Q

correlates of protection =

A

the host immune responses associated with

disease protection

30
Q

Vaccines that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies (2)

A

hepatitis A,

tetanus

31
Q

Secretory antibodies play a role in protection against infections caused by

A

agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces

32
Q

Secretory antibodies play a role in protection against infections caused by
agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces
ex.

A

rotavirus

33
Q

Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential include (2)

A

measles, varicella

34
Q

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for generating

A

active immunity

35
Q

mRNA vaccine encoding the Spike protein

2

A

Pfizer - BioNTech & Moderna

mRNA enters cells and is translated into parts of Spike

36
Q

Viral vector vaccine encoding the Spike protein

A

engineered harmless adenovirus (DNA virus) that infects
cells and then produces parts of Spike
Johnson & Johnson - Janssen

37
Q

Protein subunit vaccine containing parts of the Spike protein
and adjuvants

A

Novavax

38
Q

Treatment for COVID-19 based on passive immunity to SARS-CoV-2

A

mAb active against original version of SARS CoV-2

received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA

39
Q

Monoclonal antibody (mAb)
binds SARS-CoV-2 virions and
“neutralizes” them, which
means it

A

blocks the virus
from interacting with ACE2
receptors and entering cells

40
Q

mAb was isolated from a recovered

COVID-19 patient =

A

a neutralizing
IgG1 mAb directed against the
SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein

Microbiology (42 decks)

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