1.2 Flashcards by sophie rosen

Macroelements (required in larger amounts) (2)

C, O, N, H, S, P
components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids

K, Ca, Mg, Fe
exist as cations and play many roles, including
cofactors of enzymes

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Trace elements (required in smaller amounts) (2)

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu

mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes

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Sources of Energy

Phototrophs

Light

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Sources of Energy

Chemotrophs (2)

oxidation of organic or

inorganic compounds

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Sources of Reducing Equivalents

Need electron donors for (3)

electron transport chain (energy production)
oxidation-reduction rxns (includes energy production)
biosynthesis in autotrophs (from CO2)

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Sources of Reducing Equivalents

Lithotrophs

reduced inorganic molecules

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Sources of Reducing Equivalents

Organotrophs

organic molecules

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Sources of Carbon

Autotrophs

CO2 main/only source

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Sources of Carbon

Heterotrophs

reduced, preformed organic molecules

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Photolithotrophic autotrophy (3)

light energy
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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Photoorganotrophic heterotrophy (3)

light energy
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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Chemolithotrophic autotrophy (3)

chemical energy source
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy (3)

chemical energy source
(all pathogens) organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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source amino acids, ammonia

nitrate = ammonia N2

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P source

inorganic phosphate (PO43-)

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S source (2)

sulfate (SO42-)
reduced sulfur (e.g. cysteine)

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Growth factors (3)

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins (small organic molecules)

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strict aerobes

perform aerobic respiration only

final electron acceptor is oxygen (reduced to H2O)

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strict anaerobes

perform anaerobic respiration (2)

final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

examples: nitrate (NO3-), Fe3+

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strict anaerobes 
perform fermentation (2)

final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
examples: pyruvate (reduced to lactate)
acetyl-CoA (reduced to ethanol)

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facultative anaerobes

can perform respiration and fermentation

most medically relevant bacteria

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Gram positive bacteria in the mouth (4)

Streptococcus spp. cocci facultative anaerobes
Peptostreptococcus spp. cocci strict anaerobes
Actinomyces spp. rods strict/facultative
anaerobes
Lactobacillus spp. rods facultative anaerobes

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Streptococcus spp. cocci

facultative anaerobes

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Peptostreptococcus spp. cocci

strict anaerobes

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Actinomyces spp. rods

strict/facultative | anaerobes

Lactobacillus spp. rods

facultative anaerobes

Gram negative bacteria in the mouth (7)

``` Veillonella spp. cocci strict anaerobes Aggregatibacter spp. rods capnophilic Capnocytophaga spp. rods capnophilic Porphyromonas spp. rods strict anaerobes Prevotella spp. rods strict anaerobes Fusobacterium spp. rods strict anaerobes Spirochetes spirals strict anaerobes ```

Veillonella spp. cocci

strict anaerobes

Aggregatibacter spp. rods

capnophilic

Capnocytophaga spp. rods

capnophilic

Porphyromonas spp. rods

strict anaerobes

Prevotella spp. rods

strict anaerobes

Fusobacterium spp. rods

strict anaerobes

Spirochetes spirals

strict anaerobes

Facilitated diffusion (vs. passive diffusion) (3)

move from higher conc. to lower conc. no energy requirement permeases

permeases

= carrier proteins embedded in | the plasma membrane

Uptake is driven by

intracellular use of the compound Example: conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-P

Group translocation (4)

Transported substances are chemically altered during the process. This process uses energy Also called a phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS) Some sugars are transported this way

This process uses energy:

phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Phosphate from PEP is transferred to several protein intermediates, eventually becoming linked to the transported substance.

Active transport

Energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance, which remains unchanged by the transport process.

Ion-driven transport systems use

proton motive force (gradient of protons) by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (concentration of a substance against a gradient) Common substances transferred are amino acids.

Binding protein dependent transport systems | use

``` membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. Common substances transferred are sugars and amino acids. ```

All these transport processes use carriers that can be ---.

saturated

ferric iron is very --- so uptake is difficult

insoluble

• microorganisms use --- to aid uptake

siderophores

siderophore complexes | with

ferric ion

complex is then | transported into ---

cell

• E. coli can grow on more than -- different organic compounds, using each to obtain C, H/electrons, and energy

• --- can use several hundred compounds

Pseudomonas

Nutritionally fastidious organisms have complex needs | and can only grow in association with

the human body or in complex culture medium (example: blood agar). Staphylococci and Streptococci

Some bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites, such as

Chlamydia

Growth in real world is suboptimal

variable growth rates for different organisms

--- responses protect bacteria

Stress

Still cause damage to host when not growing (2)

immunogenic | toxin production

Some bacteria --- when they stop growth

sporulate

Mechanisms of adaptation (2)

* Maximize efficiency in using energy and resources | * Respond to changes

The result of regulation: | pathways can be (2)

switched on and off | turned up or turned down

How is control established? (2)

1. Control of enzyme activity | 2. Control of the number of enzyme molecules

Control of enzyme activity | Example:

Allosteric regulation

All enzymes have

active sites (for catalysis)

Some enzymes also have

allosteric sites (for regulation)

allosteric sites bind regulatory molecules (3)

noncovalent reversible affects activity of enzyme

affects activity of enzyme positive effectors --- activity negative effectors --- activity

increase | decrease

How do effector molecules act? (2)

a. change affinity of enzyme for substrate | b. change Vmax

Control of the number of enzyme molecules | Regulation of enzyme synthesis) (2

A. Attenuation | B. Control of transcription initiation

Catabolic pathways:

gene induction (by inducer)

Anabolic pathways:

gene repression (by corepressor)