2.1 Flashcards
Immunity:
resistance to infectious disease
Immune system:
collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections
Immune response:
coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes
Immunology:
study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and
damaged tissues and its role in disease
role of the immune system (4)
defense against infections
defense against tumors
the immune system can injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
the immune system recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
defense against infections
deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility to infections; exemplified by AIDS
vaccination boosts immune defenses and protects against infections
defense against tumors
potential for immunotherapy of cancer
the immune system can injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
immune responses are the cause of allergic autoimmune, and other inflammatory diseases
the immune system recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
immune responses are barriers to transplantation and gene therapy
Innate Immune Response.
- — barriers
Epithelial
Innate Immune Response.
- Phagocytes and Sentinel cells. (3)
..Neutrophils
..Monocytes / Macrophages
..Dendritic cells
Innate Immune Response.
complement?
yes
Innate Immune Response. cell type (2)
-NK
IFN a/b (type 1 interferons)
Innate Immune Response.
time frame
acts immediately or within hours
Innate Immune Response.
antigen specific?
Is not antigen specific. Instead, recognizes “Pathogenassociated molecular patterns” (PAMPs) that are shared by many different microbes, and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Innate Immune Response. Genes encoding receptors that recognize --- are present in the germ line. They do not undergo somatic recombination or hyper mutation
PAMPs
Innate Immune Response.
clonal expansion of cells of innate
immune system in response to infection?
No
Innate Immune Response.
self?
nonreactive
Innate Immune Response.
memory?
no
Adaptive Immune Response.
responses (2)
humoral response
cell mediated response
Humoral response (1)
..Antibodies produced by B cells
Cell-mediated response (2)
..Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)
..Helper T cells
Adaptive Immune Response.
time frame?
days/weeks before it is effective
Adaptive Immune Response.
antigen specific?
Is highly antigen-specific.
Recognizes specific epitopes on
specific proteins of specific pathogens.
Adaptive Immune Response. Functional genes encoding antigen receptors are not present in the germ line. Instead,
functional antigen receptor genes are
generated by somatic recombination and
mutation of germ line genes during maturation
of B cells and T cells (prior to exposure to any
antigens)
Adaptive Immune Response.
colonal selection?
Clonal selection and proliferation of B
and T lymphocytes specific for particular
antigens following exposure to those
antigens.
Adaptive Immune Response.
self?
nonreactive
Adaptive Immune Response.
memory?
- Gives rise to immunologic “memory.”
specificity
ensures that distinct antigens elict specific responses
diversity
enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens
memory
leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens
clonal expansion
increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes from a small number of naive lymphocytes
specialization
generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes
contraction and homeostasis
allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens
nonreactivity to self
prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens
specific recognition of antigens
b lymphocytes
mediators of humoral immunity
specific recognition of antigens
t lymphocytes
mediators of cell mediated immunity
capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
dendritic cells
initiation of t cell responses
capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
macrophages
effector phase of cell mediated immunity
capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
follicular dendritic cells
display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses
elimination of antigens
t lymphocytes
activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
elimination of antigens
macrophages
phagocytosis and killing microbes
elimination of antigens
granulocytes
killing microbes
After lymphocytes activated by antigen, B & T cells migrate towards each other & meet at edge of follicle.
There,
helper T cells interact with and help B cells differentiate into antibody producing cells.
overview
Early innate immune response (3)
Innate defensive mechanisms to keep out microbes
If defensive barriers are crossed
inflammation
antiviral mechanisms
Adaptive immune response (secreted (4))
antibodies, phagocytes & helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells
