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MHD > Renal Pathology 1-Nephritic syndrome > Flashcards

Renal Pathology 1-Nephritic syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

Post infectious glomerulonephritis
Typical clinical presentation
Epidemiology
Etiology/Pathogenesis

A

Typical clinical presentation:
Children: acute nephritic syndrome
(hematuria, edema, hypertension, renal failure)
Adult: acute nephritic syndrome may be less common

Epidemiology:
Typically children 6-10yrs
rarer in adults
sporadic or endemic

Etiology/pathogenesis
-1-4 weeks after recovery from infection:
Group A B-hemolytic strep
Other: pneumococcal, staphylococcal, viral
Skin(impetigo)

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2
Q

What is the pathogenesis of post-infectious glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. immune complexes form in the circulation (antigen+IgG)
  2. deposition of immune complexes in the *capillary wall activates complement (C5a) which attracts neutrophils
  3. Neutrophils mediate damage with *endocapillary proliferation and structural damage (swiss cheese) with hematuria
  4. immune complexes also formed in situ leading to *subepithelial deposits “humps” which are unique to postinfectious glomerulonephritis and therefore diagnostically useful
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3
Q

What will you see in histology/pathology in post infectious glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. endocapillary proliferation (hypercellular tuft?, capillaries occluded)
  2. neutrophilic infiltrate
  3. immune complex deposits by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy
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4
Q

What lab tests results will there be with postinfectious glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Tea-color urine
  • hematuria, mild proteinuria
  • ASO titer increase
  • Complement decrease
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5
Q

What is the prognosis and treatment for a patient with postinfectious glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. Children=total recovery in >95%
  2. Adults=slow progression to CHRONIC glomerulonephritis
  3. 15-50% of adults develop end stage kidney disease
  4. A small subset of children and adults may develop very severe acute illness with gross hematuria and rapidly progress to renal failure

Treatment:
supportive

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6
Q

Is a kidney biopsy necessary in post infectious glomerulonephritis?

A

only if course is atypical

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7
Q

What is the typical presentation of IgA nephropathy (aka Berger disease)

A
  1. RECURRENT gross and microscopic hematuria
  2. episodes of gross hematuria within 1-2 days of a nonspecific upper respiratory infection (also GI or GU tract)
  3. Painless hematuria
  4. Hematuria for days, recurrent every few months
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8
Q

What is the epidemiology and etiology of IgA nephropathy AKA berger disease?

A

Epidemiology:

  1. most common glomerular disease worldwide *
  2. children and young adults

Etiology/pathogenesis:
1. Mucosal infection leads to production of IgA and formation of IgA containing immune complexes which deposit in the mesangium

a. increased IgA synthesis (respiratory or GI exposure to viruses, bacteria, food products)
b. genetic or acquired abnormalities of immune regulation (celiac disease)
c. abnormalities of clearance of IgA
d. antibodies against abnormally glycosylated IgA
5. activation of the complement (alternative pathway)

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9
Q

What is the difference in the immunofluorescence of post infectious glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy?

A

In IgA nephropathy the blotches are bigger and sit preferentially in the mesangium

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10
Q

Where is there the least IgA nephropathy?

A

africa and middle east

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11
Q

What is IgA nephropathy with extra-renal symptoms, which is normally seen in adults where they get small vessel vasculitis and skin purpura and gastrointestinal problems?

A

Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (HSP)

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12
Q

What do the immune complexes in IgA nephropathy contain? Does this affect the level of complement?

A

IgA + complement

NO!
IgA is a poor activator of the complement system
-complement involvement is via the alternative pathway rather than classic
-complement levels are replenished by the live and usually do not decrease

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13
Q

What does the histology for IgA nephropathy look like?

A
  • mesangial proliferation
  • IgA-containing immune complexes in the mesangium=diagnostic
  • electron dense deposits by electron microscopy
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14
Q

What are the lab test results of a patient with IgA nephropathy?

A

hematuria, mild proteinuria

complement levels normal

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15
Q

What is the prognosis and treatment of IgA nephropathy?

A
  1. dependent on glomerular pathology
    - many relatively indolent/prolonged, ultimately renal failure
    - small portion aggressive course

Treatment: supportive

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16
Q

Is a kidney biopsy needed in IgA nephropathy?

A

for more specific diagnosis

17
Q

What is hereditary nephritis-AKA alport syndrome?

A

A group of hereditary glomerular disease

  • mutations in glomerular basement membrane proteins
  • error in synthesis of collagen type 4, the major component of the glomerular basement membrane
  • Type 4 collagen is also in other tissues-lens, cochlea
18
Q

How is hereditary nephritis AKA alports syndrome genetically linked? What is the triad found in this disease?

A 
X linked
Triad:
1. nephritis
2. nerve deafness
3. various eye disorders, early cataracts
19
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation/epidemiology/etiology of hereditary nephritis aka alports syndrome?

A

Presentation:

  1. hearing loss and ocular abnormalities
  2. isolated hematuria

Epidemiology:

  1. 5-20 years at presentation
  2. 20-50 years with overt renal failure

Etiology:

  • X linked inheritance most common
    • family history

Male-full spectrum
Females-carries with rare disease (x-chromosome inactivation)

20
Q

What is the histological presentation of hereditary nephritis?

A

Nondiagnostic

  1. paraffin sections: normal, nondiagnostic
  2. immunofluorescence: negative-NO immune complexes

Diagnostic
electron microscopy:
lamina densa splitting and lamination: basket weave

21
Q

What is the lab results seen in hereditary nephritis/prognosis/treatment?

A

Lab

  1. hematuria
  2. genetic testing

Prognosis
overt renal failure between 20-50 years of age

Treatment: supportive, transplantation, counseling, family testing

MHD (81 decks)

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