4.4 Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • Left + right ventricles.
  • Left + right atria.
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2
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels?

A
  • Pulmonary vein (lungs to left atrium).
  • Aorta (left ventricle to body).
  • Vena cava (body to right atrium).
  • Pulmonary artery (right ventricle to lungs).
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3
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves and what do they do?

A
  • Mitral or tricuspid/bicuspid.
  • Prevent backflow form ventricles to atria.
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4
Q

What are the semilunar valves and what do they do?

A
  • Pulmonary/aortic.
  • Separate arteries from ventricles.
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5
Q

What do valve tendons do?

A
  • Prevent atrioventricular valves from turning inside out due to the pressure when heart contracts.
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6
Q

What is the septum made of and what does it do?

A
  • Muscle + connective tissues.
  • Prevents oxygenated + deoxygenated blood from mixing.
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7
Q

What did the coronary arteries do?

A
  • Wrapped around heart to supply cardiac muscle w/ blood.
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8
Q

Which side of the card is muscle is thicker?

A
  • LHS because needed to withstand high pressure to pump blood to all tissues in body.
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of circulatory system?

A
  • Closed.
  • Open single.
  • Open double.
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10
Q

What are 4 advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • Conc. gradient maintained.
  • Blood pressure to body tissues is higher.
  • Blood pressure to lungs is lower (preventing damage).
  • Organisms can develop larger bodies.
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11
Q

The heart is referred to as myogenic what does this mean?

A
  • It can stimulate its own contractions wo/ nervous stimulation.
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12
Q

What are the 5 stages of myogenic contractions that occur in the heart?

A
  • Depolarisation originates in sinoatrial node.
  • Depolarisation spreads through atria causing atrial systole.
  • Stimulates atriaventricular node.
  • Delay for *batrial diastole** AVN spread depolarisation to bundle of His.
  • Bundle of His splits into 2 branches - Purkinje Fibres - causes ventricular systole.
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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Atrial systole.
  • Ventricular systole.
  • Cardiac diastole.
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14
Q

What happens in atrial systole?

A
  • Atria contract.
  • Forces AV valves open + blood flows into ventricles.
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15
Q

What happens in ventricular systole?

A
  • Contraction of ventricles cause AV valves to close + semilunar valves to open.
  • Blood leaves LV through aorta + RV through pulmonary artery.
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16
Q

What happens in cardiac diastole?

A
  • Atria + ventricles relax.
  • Pressure inside heart chambers decreases.
  • Caucasus semilunar valves to close to prevent back flow of blood.
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17
Q

What are 3 functions of blood?

A
  • Transport.
  • Defence against pathogens.
  • Formation of lymph + fluid tissue.
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18
Q

What are 5 things that are transported in plasma?

A
  • Digested food products (glucose, amino acids, etc.).
  • Nutrient molecules.
  • Hormones.
  • Excretory products (CO2, urea, etc.).
  • Heat.
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19
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A
  • Erythrocytes.
20
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A
  • Leukocytes.
21
Q

What do erythrocytes transport?

A
  • O2 and some CO2.
22
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised?

A
  • Biconcave shape.
  • No nucleus.
  • Contain haemoglobin.
23
Q

What are 2 categories of leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes.
  • Agranulocytes.
24
Q

What are 3 examples of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils.
  • Basophils.
  • Eosinophils.
25
What do neutrophils do?
- Phagocytosis.
26
What do basophils do?
- Histamine - inflammation/allergic response.
27
What do eosinophils do?
- Response to parasites, allergic reactions, inflammation + immunity.
28
What are 2 examples of agranulocytes?
- Monocytes. - Lymphocytes.
29
What are platelets made of?
- Fragments of megakaryocytes.
30
What do platelets do?
- Involved in blood clotting.
31
What is another word for blood clotting?
- Thrombosis.
32
What are the 3 purposes of a blood clot?
- Prevents blood loss. - Prevents entry of disease-causing microorganisms. - Framework for repair.
33
What is the step in the formation of a blood clot once a blood vessel has been damaged?
- Platelets attach to exposed collagen fibres.
34
What happens in the formation of a blood clot and what must be present for this step?
- **Thromboplastin** (protein) released from platelets --> triggers conversion of **inactive prothrombin** (protein) to **active thrombin** (enzyme). - Calcium ions + vitamin K.
35
What happens in the formation of a blood clot after thrombin (enzyme) has been formed?
- Catalyses conversion of **soluble fibrinogen** to **insoluble fibrin**.
36
What happens in the formation of a blood clot once **insoluble fibrin** has been formed?
- Fibrin forms network of fibres --> platelets, RBCs + debris are trapped to form blood clot.
37
What is atherosclerosis?
- Hardening of arteries caused by build-up of fibrous plaque called an **atheroma**.
38
What 4 things can atherosclerosis lead to?
- **Angina** (chest pain due to restricted flow in coronary arteries). - **Stroke** (blocked artery in brain). - **Myocardial infarction** (heart attack due to blocking of coronary arteries). - **Aneurysm** (bulge in artery wall that can burst or form clot).
39
What are the 5 steps in atherosclerosis?
- **Endothelium** lining arteries is damaged (cholesterol, smoking, high BP). - Inflammatory response ∴ WBCs move to site of damage. - Over time WBCs, cholesterol, Ca salts + fibres build up + harden forming **atheroma**. - Narrowing of artery --> restricts blood flow ∴ high BP which damages **endothelial lining**. - Process repeated.
40
What are 9 examples of factors that lead to atherosclerosis?
- Genetics. - Age. - Diet. - Gender. - High blood pressure. - High cholesterol levels. - Smoking. - Physical inactivity. - Obesity.
41
Blood clotting is a **cascade of events**, what does this mean?
- One signal sets off whole sequence of reactions, leading to important outcome.
42
How is electrical activity measured in the heart?
- Through an electrocardiogram (ECG). - Electrodes attached to thorax + recording changes in potential differences.
43
In an electrocardiogram, what does the P-wave represent?
- Atrial systole.
44
In an electrocardiogram, what does the QRS wave represent?
- Ventricular systole.
45
In an electrocardiogram, what does the T wave represent?
- Ventricular diastole.
46
What is hypertension?
- high blood pressure.