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Biology > 4.3 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

4.3 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is disease ?

A

Is a condition that impairs normal function of an organism.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

Is a microorganism that can cause a disease. Eg bacteria, virus’s fungi, protoctists

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3
Q

What are communicable diseases ?

A

A disease that can spread from person to person and is caused by a pathogen.

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4
Q

What is TB caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by bacterium and can affect animals.

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5
Q

What is bacterial meningitis caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by bacterium and can affect humans.

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6
Q

What is ring rot caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by bacteria and affects potatoes and tomatoes.

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7
Q

What is HIV/AIDS caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by a virus and affects humans.

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8
Q

What is influenza caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by virus and affects animals and humans.

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9
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by virus and affects plants.

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10
Q

What is black Sigatoka caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by fungus and affects banana plants.

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11
Q

What is Ringworm caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by fungus and affects cattle.

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12
Q

What is athletes food caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by fungus and affects humans.

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13
Q

What is potato/tomato late blight caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by protoctists and affects potatoes and tomatoes.

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14
Q

What is malaria caused by and who does it affect ?

A

Caused by protoctists and it affects animals and humans.

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15
Q

What is direct transmission ?

A

When disease is transmitted directly from one organism to another. Eg droplet infection, sexual intercourse, touching infected animals.

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16
Q

What is indirect transmission ?

A

When disease is transmitted from one organism to another, via an intermediate. Eg air, water, food, vectors.

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17
Q

How does living conditions affect transmission of disease ?

A

Overcrowded living conditions increase transmission of disease. Eg TB via droplet infection.

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18
Q

How does social conditions affect transmission of disease ?

A

Income, occupations and where someone lives can affect transmission of disease.

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19
Q

How does climate affect transmission of disease ?

A

Can affect the spread of communicable diseases.

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20
Q

How does skin in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

Skin is a physical and chemical barrier that blocks pathogens from entering and produces chemicals that are antimicrobial and can lower the pH, which inhibits growth of pathogens.

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21
Q

What does antimicrobial mean ?

A

Destroy/ slows growth of microorganisms.

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22
Q

How do mucous membranes in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

They protect the body openings that are exposed to the environment. Some membranes secrete mucus, that traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial enzymes.

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23
Q

How does blood clotting in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

They plug wounds to prevent pathogen entry and blood loss. They are formed by chemical reactions that take place when platelets are exposed to damaged blood vessels.

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24
Q

What are blood clots and how are they formed ?

A

Mesh of protein fibres and are formed by chemical reactions that take place when platelets are exposed to damaged blood vessels.

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25
Q

How does inflammation in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

Causes swelling and helps to isolate any pathogens that may have entered damaged tissues. Molecules cause vasodilation, increasing blood flow to area bringing new blood with white blood cells.

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26
Q

What is inflammation in animals ?

A

Is triggered by tissue damages, where tissues releases molecules, which increase the permeability of blood vessels, so they leak fluid into surrounding areas.

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27
Q

How does wound repair in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

Surface of skin is repaired by outer layer os skin cells dividing and migrating to edges of the wound. Tissue below the wound closes together the wound and is repaired using collagen fibres.

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28
Q

How does expulsive reflexes in animals defend against pathogens ?

A

A sneeze happens when mucous membranes are irritated and a cough is an irritation in the respiratory tract. Both coughing and sneezing expel foreign objects, such as pathogens, which happens automatically.

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29
Q

How do physical plant defences protect against pathogens ?

A

-Waxy cuticle prevents entry.
-Cell wall forms barrier.
-Produces glucose so calls gets deposited between plant cell walls and plasma membranes.

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30
Q

How does physical barriers in plants defend against pathogens ?

A

Callose deposition may make it harder for pathogens to enter cells. Calls deposition at plasmodesmata may limit spread of viruses between cells.

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31
Q

How does chemical defences in plants defend against pathogens ?

A

Plants produce antimicrobial which kill pathogens or inhibit their growth. Other chemicals secreted by plants are toxic to insects. This reduces amount of insects feeding on plants and reduces risk of infection.

32
Q

What is an immune response ?

A

Body’s reaction to a foreign antigen.

33
Q

What are antigens ?

A

Molecules that are found on the surface of cells.

34
Q

What activates an immune response ?

A

When a pathogen enters, antigens are detected on the pathogen, which activates the immune response.

35
Q

What is non-specific and specific response ?

A

Non-specifc happens in the same way for all microorganisms but specific response is antigen specific using white blood cells.

36
Q

What is phagocytosis ?

A

Engulfment of pathogens using phagocytes and are found in blood and tissues and are non-specific.

37
Q

What are the steps in phagocytosis ?

A

-Phagocytes recognises antigen.
-Phagocytes surround the pathogen and can be helped by opsonins.
-Lysosomes break down pathogen in phagocyte.
-Sticks antigens to surface of phagocyte to act as an antigen-presenting cell to activate other immune system cells.

38
Q

What moves toward wound in response to cytokines ?

A

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that move toward the wound.

39
Q

What are cytokines ?

A

Proteins that act as messenger molecules.

40
Q

What is T lymphocyte activation ?

A

T lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell. It surface is covered with receptors. Receptor bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting-cell.

41
Q

What occurs in T lymphocyte activation ?

A

Each T cell has different receptors. When receptor on surface of T lymphocyte meets a complementary antigen, it binds to it. This process activates T lymphocytes and is called clonal selection.

42
Q

What is clonal expansion ?

A

Activated T lymphocytes undergoes clonal expansion, where it divides and produces clones of itself.

43
Q

What do T helper cells do ?

A

It releases substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells.

44
Q

What does T killer cells do ?

A

They attach and kill cells with the virus.

45
Q

What do T regulatory cells do ?

A

They suppress immune system from attacking host body cells.

46
Q

What are B lymphocytes ?

A

Type of WBC that are covered with antibodies, that are proteins that bind to antigens to form antigen-antibody complex. Each B lymphocyte has a different shaped antibody on its membrane.

47
Q

What is B lymphocyte activation ?

A

When antibodies on surface of B lymphocytes meet complementary antigen, it binds to it. This along with substances released from helper T cells, activates B lymphocytes. (Another example of clonal selection).

48
Q

What is plasma cell production ?

A

When activated B lymphocytes divide by mitosis into plasma cells and memory cells. This is another form of clonal selection.

49
Q

What is antibody production ?

A

Plasma cells are clones of B lymphocyte cells and they secrete loads of antibody specific antigens in blood. These antibodies bind to antigens on surface of pathogen to form lots of antigen-antibody complexes. This is the signal for immune system to attach and destroy the pathogen.

50
Q

What is cell signalling ?

A

Is how cells communicate. A cell may release a substance that binds to receptors on another cell causing a response in other cells.

51
Q

Why is cell signalling important ?

A

Is important in immune response as it activates all different types of blood cells needed.

52
Q

What are blood smear ?

A

Smear of blood on a slide. Stains are added to increase contrast.

53
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

They are a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. They combine chemically with substances.

54
Q

What is the structure of antibodies ?

A

Antibodies are glycoproteins and are made of 4 polypeptide chains and each chain has a variable region and a constant region.
-Variable regions = complementary shape
-Hinge regions = allows flexibility
-Constant region = binding to receptors.
-Disulphide bridges = holds polypeptide chains together.

55
Q

What are agglutinating pathogens ?

A

Each antibody has 2 binding sites so can bind to 2 pathogens at same time. Pathogens then bind to antibodies and phagocytes lots at once.

56
Q

What are neutralising toxins ?

A

Toxins have different shapes so anti-toxins can bind to toxin produced by pathogen. This prevents toxin from affecting human cells so toxins are neutralised . Toxin-antibody complexes are phagocytose.

57
Q

What occurs in preventing the pathogen from binding to human cells ?

A

When antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen, they may block cell surface receptors that pathogen binds to host cells. This means pathogen cannot attach or infect host cells.

58
Q

What is the primary immune response ?

A

When a pathogen enters the body for the first time the antigens on its surface activate the immune system.

59
Q

Why is the primary response slow ?

A

Slow because there aren’t many B lymphocytes that can make antibodies that bind to pathogens. Eventually the body will produce enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection. Meanwhile the infected person shows symptoms of disease.

60
Q

What are memory T lymphocytes ?

A

They remember specific antigens and will recognise it the second time round.

61
Q

What are memory B lymphocytes ?

A

They record specific antibodies needed to bind to antigen.

62
Q

What is the secondary immune response ?

A

If the same pathogen enters body again and immune system produces quicker and stronger immune response.

63
Q

How do you maintain immunity ?

A

Memory B and T lymphocytes have a limited lifespan so immunity won’t last forever. Immunity can be maintained by being continually exposed to pathogen so you make more lymphocytes.

64
Q

What is active immunity ?

A

When immune system makes 2 of its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen.

65
Q

What is natural active immunity ?

A

When you become immune after catching a disease.

66
Q

What is artificial active immunity ?

A

When you become immune after given a vaccination containing a harmless dose of an antigen.

67
Q

What is passive immunity ?

A

Type of immunity from being given antibodies made by different organisms (your immune system doesn’t make any antibodies on its own).

68
Q

What is natural passive immunity ?

A

When baby becomes immune due to antibodies received from its mother, through placenta and breast milk.

69
Q

What is artificial passive immunity ?

A

When you become immune after being injected with antibodies from somewhere else.

70
Q

What are autoimmune diseases ?

A

When an immune system treats self-antigens as foreign and launches response against the organisms own tissues.

71
Q

What is vaccination ?

A

Contains substances that cause you body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen, without the pathogen causing a disease.

72
Q

What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic ?

A

When communicable diseases spread rapidly locally vs internationally.

73
Q

What is pharmacogenetics ?

A

Personalised medicine that works with individual combination of genetics and disease.

74
Q

What is synthetic biology ?

A

Uses techniques of genetics engineering to develop populations of bacteria for expensive drugs.

75
Q

What is antibiotics having selective toxicity good ?

A

This means antibiotics will interfere with bacterias metabolism not the metabolism of human cells.

Biology (16 decks)

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