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Biology > 4.2 Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity ?

A

The number of different ecosystems and habitats in an area, the number of species in those ecosystems, and the genetic variation within each species.

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2
Q

What is a habitat?

A

Where an organism lives.

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3
Q

What is a species ?

A

A group of organisms of common ancestry that can interbreed to give fertile offspring.

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4
Q

What is habitat biodiversity ?

A

Number of different habitats (Inhabited area) in an area. Includes abiotic and biotic factors.

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5
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors ?

A

Temperature, light intensity, soil pH, humidity.

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6
Q

What are some examples of biotic factors?

A

Food webs, competition, predators.

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7
Q

What is species biodiversity ?

A

Number of different species (species richness) and abundance of each species (species evenness).

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8
Q

What is genetic biodiversity ?

A

Variation of alleles within a species or population. The greater the genetic biodiversity, allows for better adaptation and species resistance to disease.

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9
Q

What is sampling ?

A

Taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area.

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10
Q

What must sampling be representative of ?

A

1) Size of area or length of transect.
2)Incorporation of repeat measurement
3) Accounting for different times of the year.

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11
Q

How are quadrats used to asses abundance ?

A

1) Species frequency is calculated as the percentage of quadrats that include each species.
2) Species density is there number of individual organisms within a quadrat.
3) Percentage cover is the percent of an area of a quadrat in which the plant or animal occurs. Good for species such as grass.

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12
Q

What is random sampling ?

A

Taken to avoid any bias in location for sampling and can be done in a number ways including dividing the area into a grid and using a random number generator to determine coordinates. Equal probability of being chosen.

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13
Q

What is opportunistic sampling (non-random) ?

A

Weakest form of sampling where the researcher makes decisions based on prior knowledge. Researcher may deliberately sample an area containing a particular species.

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14
Q

What is stratified sampling (non-random) ?

A

Where habitat is divided into 2 areas, which appear different and sampling each area separately.

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15
Q

What is systematic sampling (non-random) ?

A

Where samples are taken at fixed intervals across the habitat. Eg., using a belt transect, line transect. Used to investigate effect of a changing factor.

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16
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of random sampling ?

A

Advantage = reduces bias as everything has an equal probability of being chosen.
Disadvantage = Time consuming and may only cover one area.

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17
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of opportunistic sampling ?

A

Advantage = More chances species being present.
Disadvantage = Weakest form of sampling that is likely to be biased.

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18
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of stratified sampling ?

A

Advantage = Takes all areas into account of different species.
Disadvantage = Over-representative of 2 areas and leads to a biased sample.

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19
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of systematic sampling ?

A

Advantage = more representative of area.
Disadvantage = biased sample.

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20
Q

What is a beating trap ?

A

Large white sheet placed on ground below a tress and tree is then shaken to dislodge the animals and insects.

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21
Q

What is a pooter ?

A

Scientists use to suck a small insects into glass jar.

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22
Q

What is a sweep net ?

A

Large nets used to catch flying insects that liv in long grass.

23
Q

What is a pond net ?

A

Stronger nets that can lift volumes of water from ponds or rivers and the water drains through the net to leave vegetation and animals behind.

24
Q

What are pitful traps ?

A

Cans or jars buried in the ground, filled with paper or cardboard to provide shelter, and covered with a lid or stone to keep out rain.

25
Q

What is the capture-mark-release-recapture method ?

A

1) Catch a certain number and mark them.
2) Release these back into environment.
3)After some time, repeat same sampling technique.
4) Some individuals caught in second sample, will be marked and some unmarked.
5) Smaller the number of marked individuals, the larger the population size.

26
Q

How do you work out population size ?

A

Number in S1 x Number in S2 / number marked in S2.

27
Q

Why is calculating biodiversity important ?

A

Assessing value of population as a resource for conservation and determine where needs to help increase genetic biodiversity.

28
Q

What are some features that decrease genetic biodiversity ?

A

Selective breeding, captive breeding, rare breeds, artificial cloning, natural selection, genetic bottlenecks, founder effect, genetic drift.

29
Q

What are genetic bottlenecks ?

A

Where few individuals survive an event or change.

30
Q

What is the founder effect ?

A

Where a small number of individuals create a new colony, isolated from the original colony.

31
Q

What is a genetic drift ?

A

Random nature of alleles being passed on.

32
Q

What is polymorphism ?

A

Where alleles of the same genes are found at same point (locus) on each chromosome. Describes locus with more than 2 alleles.

33
Q

Why are most genes monomorphic ?

A

Most genes are monomorphic as this ensures that the basic structure remains constant.

34
Q

How do you work out proportion of polymorphic genes ?

A

number of polymorphic genes / total number of loci.

35
Q

What affects biodiversity ?

A

-Habitat destruction and degradation of environment.
-overexploitation and unsustainable use of resources.
-Modern agriculture practices, including monoculture, chemical fertilisers and crop protection chemicals.
-Global climate change.

36
Q

How does human population affect biodiversity ?

A

There is increased growth rate, so more space is needed for housing, which disrupts ecosystems surrounding.

37
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity ?

A

More land has to be farmed to feed growing population resulting in large amounts of land being cleared for monoculture farming. Farmers selective breed species, decreasing genetic biodiversity.

38
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity ?

A

CO2 and burning of fossil fuels increases global temperature. if this continues, impact on biodiversity is likely to be significant as plant and animals may loose habitats making them unable to survive.

39
Q

How do ecological reasons (indivduals) affect biodiversity ?

A

All organisms are independent of others for survival. Removal of one species may affect others, known as a keystone species. When keystone species is removed, all other species are affected and may disappear altogether.

40
Q

How does economic reasons affect biodiversity ?

A

Deforestation is caused by human activity. Long term, this can cause soil erosion and desertification. Large scale biodiversity losses mean species of economic importance (medicine) may become extinct before they are discovered.

41
Q

How do aesthetic reasons affect biodiversity ?

A

Presence of animals and plants in the environment enrich peoples lives so people recover rapidly from illness when supported by plants in the environment.

42
Q

How does protecting a
species maintain biodiversity ?

A

All organisms are linked so if one species is affected, it will affect other species. Decline of keystone species can have a catastrophic effect. Loss of keystone species can affect food chain or nutrient cycle.

43
Q

What is a keystone species ?

A

One species that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance.
Eg., wolf in America that was eliminated, which led to rise in elk populations.

44
Q

How does maintaining genetic resources maintain biodiversity ?

A

This refers to any material from plants, animals or microorganisms we find value in. Genetic resources provide us with everyday products. They allow us to adapt changes to the environment.

45
Q

What are some economic reasons for maintain biodiversity ?

A

Soil depletion, ecosystem services (transpiration, reefs protecting costal erosion, forest and peat bogs) and aesthetic reasons.

46
Q

What is conservation of biodiversity ?

A

When biodiversity is maintained through protection and management of species and habitats. This ensures the survival of endangered species.

47
Q

What is in situ conservation ?

A

Protection and maintenance of an area so that species can contribute to live in their original habitat.

48
Q

What are some examples of in situ conservation ?

A

Legislation and wildlife reserves.

49
Q

What is ex situ conservation ?

A

Removal of a species to a protected place that is not a normal habitat.

50
Q

What are some examples of ex situ conservation ?

A

Zoos, botanic gardens and seed banks.

51
Q

What is the rio conservation project ?

A

International agreement aiming to develop international strategies on conservation of biodiversity.

52
Q

What is the CITES agreement ?

A

Regulates trade of wild animal and plant specimens with member countries making it illegal to kill endangered species.

53
Q

What is the countryside stewardship scheme ?

A

Aims to observe wildlife habitats and biodiversity. Encouraged hedgerows regeneration.

Biology (16 decks)

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