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Biology > 3.1 Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

3.1 Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What do larger organisms have in terms of gaseous exchange ?

A

Larger organisms have developed a range of different adaptations to increase this ratio at exchange surfaces.

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2
Q

What is the SA:V ratio in smaller and larger cells ?

A

-Smaller cells have a larger SA:V ratio.
-Larger cells have a smaller SA:V ratio.

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3
Q

What does the alveoli in the lungs have in terms of SA:V ratio ?

A

Alveoli significantly increase the SA:V ratio, which allows for more effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and capillaries.

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4
Q

What is the gaseous exchange like in a root hair cell ?

A

Root hair cells increase the surface area of the cell, which increases the rate of absorbance of nutrients.

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5
Q

What is the trachea ?

A

windpipe.

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6
Q

What is the trachea surrounded by and what is its function ?

A

Trachea is surrounded by 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage. This tissue provides support to prevent the organ from collapsing.

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7
Q

Why are rings of cartilage c-shaped ?

A

Allows the trachea to expand when larger volume of air is needed.

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8
Q

What are ligaments and their function ?

A

Ligaments connect rings and smooth muscle known as trachealis muscle that bridges gap between ends of cartilage rings.

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9
Q

What is the trachea lined with ?

A

Lined with ciliated epithelium, which is quantified to shape and specific arrangement of layers of cells.

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10
Q

What does the trachea branch into ?

A

4th thoracic vertebrae (T4), trachea branches into left and right bronchi (primary bronchi. These enter the lungs at the hilum and branch into secondary bronchi and then tertiary bronchi.

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11
Q

What are goblet cells and what is their function ?

A

Goblet cells are located between ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium and they release mucus. Cilia then waft pathogens caught in the mucus back up to the mouth. Then swallowed and killed by HCL in the stomach.

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12
Q

Where are the lungs located ?

A

Lungs are located in the thoracic cavity.

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13
Q

Which lung is anatomically larger ?

A

Right lung contains 3 lobes where as the left lobe only has 2 lobes.

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14
Q

What happens to airways when bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi ?

A

The airways get narrower

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15
Q

What does the tertiary bronchi divide into ?

A

4th, 5th and 6th order. Once they are too narrow to be supported by cartilage, they have become bronchioles.

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16
Q

Why are bronchioles different to bronchi ?

A

Structurally different as bronchioles as walls do not have hyaline cartilage and rely on elastic fibres that are attached to lung tissues for support.

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17
Q

What do bronchioles divide into ?

A

They divide into terminally bronchioles then respiratory bronchioles, which is the start of the respiratory zone where air is delivered into the alveoli.

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18
Q

How does the epithelium in the bronchioles change ?

A

Starts as simple ciliated psuedostartified columnar epithelium then turns into simple cuboidal epithelium as the size decreases.

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19
Q

What is the average size of surface area of alveoli ?

A

70 m2

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20
Q

What is alveoli lined with ?

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium consisting of single layers of flattened cells, which reduces diffusion distance. This is a moist lining that can dissolve gases.

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21
Q

What is each lung enclosed within ?

A

Each lung is enclosed within a pleural sac that contains pleural fluid to allow inner and outer walls to slide over each other during breathing with little friction.

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22
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by ?

A

The diaphragm is exclusively innervated by the phrenic nerve, where it is under autonomic control.

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23
Q

What are the 3 main openings in the diaphragm ?

A

Vena cava
aorta
oesophagus

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24
Q

What is the first step in inhalation (stimulation causes movement) ?

A

First the phrenic nerve is stimulated, which causes the diaphragm contracts and moves in the inferior direction.

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25
Q

What are intercostal muscles ?

A

Muscles between ribs and lungs.

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26
Q

What are external intercostal muscles ?

A

Responsible for elevation of ribs and bending them more open through contraction.

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27
Q

What are internal intercostal muscles ?

A

Responsible for depression of ribs and bending them inward through relaxing.

28
Q

In inhalation, what happens after diaphragm contracts?

A

The external intercostal muscles contract, which moves ribcage up and out. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore, decreases the pressure.

29
Q

What does increases volume in thoracic cavity create during inhalation ?

A

This creates a pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the alveolus, creating a flow of air from the higher pressure in the atmosphere and into gas exchange system through nose or mouth.

30
Q

What does the flow of air cause during inhalation ?

A

Air inflates the lungs as it flows along the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange.

31
Q

What does pressure in the thoracic cavity need to be lower than ?

A

Pressure in thoracic cavity and alveolus, need to be lower than atmospheric pressure outside the body.

32
Q

What does Boyles law state ?

A

That there is an inversely proportional relationship between pressure and volume of gas.

33
Q

What is the pharynx and larynx ?

A

Pharynx is the back of the throat.
Larynx is the voice box.

34
Q

What is the relationship between internal and external intercostal muscles ?

A

External and internal intercostal muscles have an antagonistic relationship when one is contracting (agonist) and the other is relaxing (antagonist).

35
Q

Why is exhalation important ?

A

Important as CO2 built up, increases H+ ions and lowers the pH. This denatures enzymes and CO2 acidifies blood.

36
Q

What is the first step during exhalation ?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, causing tissue to move upward (superior direction).

37
Q

What happens once the diaphragm relaxes in exhalation ?

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract, moving ribcage down. This decrease volume of thoracic cavity and increases the pressure.

38
Q

What is created when intercostal muscles contract during exhalation ?

A

Creates a pressure gradient between alveolus and atmosphere. Results in movement of air from alveoli to bronchioles, bronchi and trachea before leaving through nose and mouth.

39
Q

What affects gaseous exchange ?

A

Level of activity and size of organism.

40
Q

What is a peak flow meter ?

A

Small hand held device used to measure how quickly you can blow out of your lungs. Used by asthmatics daily to anticipate an attack.

41
Q

What is a spirometer ?

A

The static half contains water and the mobile half contains oxygen. When your breath out the upper rises and vice versa. A trace marker is attached to mobile upper half.

42
Q

What is a digital spirometer ?

A

Connected to data logger with a detachable mouth piece. Wear nose clip to ensure all air exhaled comes out of the mouth.

43
Q

What is the tidal volume ?

A

The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath.

44
Q

What is the vital capacity ?

A

The volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation followed by strongest possible of intake of breath.

45
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum volume of air you can breath in over and above a normal inhalation.

46
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over the normal tidal volume you breathe out.

47
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible. This cannot be measured directly.

48
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Sum of vital capacity and the residual volume.

49
Q

How to work out ventilation rate ?

A

ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)

50
Q

What is breathing rate ?

A

Number of breaths taken per minute.

51
Q

What type of circulatory system does a fish have ?

A

A fish has a closed single circulatory system, meaning that the blood flows through the heart once for each circuit.
heart = gills = body = heart
Deoxygenated blood flows into the gills.

52
Q

What is the operculum ?

A

Bony plate that covers the gills.

53
Q

What are lamellae (gill filaments) ?

A

Very thin and their surface is folded into many second lamellae. Provide large surface area for gas exchange that occurs between capillaries In lamellae and water.

54
Q

What is a countercurrent system ?

A

Where 2 fluids move in opposite directions to one another. This means there is always a concentration gradient so diffusion can occur from high concentration to low concentration, so diffusion would occur across whole gill arch.

55
Q

Where is the higher concentration of O2 ?

A

Always higher concentration of O2 in water than capillaries or lamellae to maximise absorption of O2.

56
Q

What is the buccal cavity ?

A

Mouth.

57
Q

What is the opercular cavity ?

A

Space under operculum.

58
Q

How does water flow over gills ?

A

Changes in volume of buccal and opercular cavities act as respiratory pump, which keeps oxygenated water flowing over gills.

59
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have ?

A

Insects have an open circulatory system, no blood vessels and haemolymph (blood and tissue fluid) is free in the body.

60
Q

What is a spiracle ?

A

Respiratory opening in the exoskeleton of the thorax and abdomen of an insect.

61
Q

What is the first step in a insects respiratory system ?

A

Air enters insect through spiracles, which are pores found in each segment of insect.

62
Q

Where does air enter after it enters the spiracles ?

A

The air then enters the tracheae, which are supported by polysaccharides called chitin.

62
Q

What does the tracheae divide into ?

A

Tracheae divides into tracheoles and the end of these tubes are open and filled with tracheal fluid.

62
Q

What happens to tracheal fluid when insect is active ?

A

When insect is active, tracheal fluid moves out of tracheoles, exposing more SA for gas diffusion.

63
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in insects ?

A

Gas exchange occurs between air in the tracheole and respiratory cells.

Biology (15 decks)

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