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Biology > 4.1 Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.1 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

When do we classify organisms ?

A

Classify organisms if they share similar characteristics.

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2
Q

Why is it important to give organisms scientific names ?

A

So you get consistency across the word. (no language or dialect barriers).

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3
Q

What is biological classification ?

A

The organisation of living and extinct organisms into systematic groups based on similarities and differences between species.

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4
Q

Who created classification ?

A

Carl Linneaus

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5
Q

What is taxonomy ?

A

The study and practice of naming and classifying species within hierarchical classification scheme.

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6
Q

What is order of classification ?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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7
Q

What is a binomial system ?

A

A system of naming species in which each species has two names: a generic name and a specific description.

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8
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms ?

A

Prokaryotes, Animalia, plantae, protists, fungi.

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9
Q

What did early classification rely on ?

A

Relied on observable features only to place organisms into groups such as appearance and anatomy.

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10
Q

What are features of prokaryotes ?

A

-Unicellular
-No nucleus
-Loop of DNA in linear chromosome.
-Autotrophic and heterotrophic.
-70s ribosomes.
-no membrane bound organelles.
-cells smaller than eukaryotes.
-free living or parasitic.

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11
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotes ?

A

-Bacteria
-E. Coli
-Cyanobacteria

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12
Q

What are some features of protists ?

A

-eukaryotic
-single celled mostly
-wide variety of forms.
-various plant and animal features.
-free living
-autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition (some photosynthesis, feed on prey, extracellular enzymes, parasitic).

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13
Q

What are some examples of protists ?

A

-unicellular eukaryotes
-algae
-protozoa

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14
Q

What are some features of fungi ?

A

-eukaryotic
-single cells (yeast) or have mycelium that consists of hyphae.
-chitin cell wall
-multinucleate cytoplasm
-free living
-saprophytic (causes decay of organic matter )

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15
Q

What are some examples of fungi ?

A

-Yeast
-mould
-mushrooms.

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16
Q

What are some features of plantae ?

A

-eukaryote
-multicellular
-cellulose cell wall
-have chlorophyll
-autotrophic (provide their own food)

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17
Q

What are some examples of plantae ?

A

-mosses
-fern
-flowering plants.

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18
Q

What are some features of Animalia ?

A

-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-heterotrophic (rely on other external food sources)
-usually mobile.

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19
Q

What did Carl Woese suggest as a new classification system and what was it based on ?

A

Based on ribosomal RNA gene. He divide the prokaryote kingdom into eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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20
Q

What are the three domains ?

A

Bacteria, eukarya, and archaea.

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21
Q

What kingdoms are under the eukarya domain ?

A

Protists, fungi, plantae, Animalia.

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22
Q

What kingdom is split between the 2 domains of archaea and bacteria ?

A

Prokaryotes.

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23
Q

What are some features of prokaryotes classification under bacteria domain ?

A

-different cell membrane structure.
-flagella with different internal structure.
-different enzymes
-no proteins bound to genetic material
-different mechanisms for DNA replication and RNA synthesis.

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24
Q

What are some features of prokaryotes classification under archaea domain ?

A

-similar enzymes for synthesizing RNA.
-similar mechanisms for DNA replication and RNA synthesis.
-Production of some proteins that bind to their own DNA.

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25
Q

What is phylogeny ?

A

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms. It involves how closely different species are related.

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26
Q

What are some advantages of using phylogeny ?

A

-Can be done without referring Linnaeus classification system.
-Produces a continuous tree.
-Not as misleading as the hierarchical classification.

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27
Q

What is homology ?

A

Existence of shared features that are inherited from a common ancestor.

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28
Q

What is a biological species ?

A

Ability of 2 individuals to successfully reproduce viable, fertile offspring.

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29
Q

What are morphological species ?

A

Whether the individuals look similar.

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30
Q

What are phylogenetic species ?

A

How closely individuals are related evolutionary.

31
Q

What are ecological species ?

A

Whether individuals can use the same set of biological resources.

32
Q

What theory did Charles Darwin propose ?

A

Proposed the theory of natural selection. He developed his ideas during the observations he made on his travels around the world.

33
Q

What were the 4 key ideas Darwin proposed ?

A

1) Offspring appear similar to their parents.
2) No 2 individuals are identical.
3) Organisms have ability to produce large number of offspring.
4) Populations in nature remain stable.

34
Q

What did Alfred Wallace propose ?

A

Developed his own theory of natural selection independent of Darwin. He collected evidence from his travels to the Amazon and Asia.

35
Q

What were the 3 key ideas Wallace proposed ?

A

1) Some organisms have advantageous adaptations evolved by natural selection.
2) Geographical boundaries also marked species boundaries.
3) Most individuals found in a habitat were best fitted for their environment.

36
Q

What are the 3 types evidence for evolution ?

A

-Fossil records
-Comparative anatomy
-Comparative biochemistry.

37
Q

What is fossil evidence ?

A

Mineralised remains of an animal and can be in the form of footprints, burrows or faeces. Simplest organisms are found In older rock. whilst more complex organisms are found in more recent rock, each supports the theory of evolution.

38
Q

What is comparative anatomy ?

A

Uses homologous structures (structures that appear superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure). Shows we have all evolved from a common ancestor and is evidence for divergent evolution.

39
Q

What is comparative biochemistry ?

A

They study of similarities and differences in proteins and other molecules that control life processes. Important molecules are highly conserved. Slight changes can help identify evolutionary links.

40
Q

What is molecular evidence ?

A

Differences in DNA sequence would be due to mutations as genetic code is universal so sequence codes for same animal, plant, etc. The more similar the sequence the more closely related the species.

41
Q

What is cytochrome-c ?

A

Short protein used in respiration. The amino acid sequence of cytochrome-c can vary between species.

42
Q

What is interspecific variation ?

A

Variation between species.

43
Q

What is intraspecific variation ?

A

variation between members of the same species.

44
Q

What is continuous variation ?

A

Variation in a feature that shows phenotypes between two extremes with many intermediates (height and weight).

45
Q

What is discontinuous variation ?

A

Variation in a feature that has discrete categories without any intermediates. Eg., blood groups.

46
Q

What are causes of variation ?

A

-genetics (alleles, mutations, meiosis, sexual reproduction, chance)
-environment (climate, food, lifestyle )

47
Q

What are combined effects of variation ?

A

Where both genetic and environmnetal can cause variation. Not all genes are active at one time. Changes in environment can affect which genes are active.

48
Q

What does a high standard deviation mean ?

A

Means that the data is spread out from the mean, so is less reliable.

49
Q

What does a low standard deviation mean ?

A

Means data is close to the mean, so is more reliable.

50
Q

What does a positive and negative rs value mean ?

A

positive rs = positive correlation
negative rs = negative correlation

51
Q

When is Spearman’s Rank significant ?

A

Is significant if observed value is equal to or greater than critical value and therefore, we reject the null hypothesis.

52
Q

What are the criteria for unpaired t tests ?

A

-Different sample size
-Compare means from different categories.
-Data is not linked to each other.

53
Q

What are the criteria for paired t tests ?

A

-Same sample size
-Compare data from same individuals before and after.
-Each individual in data set has a pair of data.

54
Q

What is an adaptation ?

A

Is the way a structure, function or aspect of behaviour helps an organism to survive in its environment or perform an activity.

55
Q

What is behavioural adaptations ?

A

The way organisms act to increases the chance of survival. This can be inherited or learnt.
Eg. survival behaviours, courtship behaviours, seasonal behaviours.

56
Q

What are physiological adaptations ?

A

Processes inside an organisms body that increases the chance of survival.
Eg. poison production, antibiotic production and water holding.

57
Q

What are anatomical adaptations ?

A

Structural features of organisms body to increase the chance of survival.
Eg. Body covering, camouflage, teeth, mimicry.

58
Q

What are some anatomical adaptations of marram grass ?

A

They have long roots, which increases the surface area.
They have curled up leaves.
They have a thick waxy cuticle.

59
Q

What are some behavioural adaptations of marram grass ?

A

-Leaves roll tighter when there is a shortage of water.

60
Q

What are some physiological adaptations of marram grass ?

A

Rolled leaf is due to specialised hinge cells.

61
Q

What is convergent evolution ?

A

When organism evolve similarly because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection pressures.

62
Q

What is an analogous structure ?

A

Structures that have adapted to perform the same function but have a different origin.

63
Q

What is natural selection ?

A

The process by which organisms best suited for their environment survive and reproduce, passing on the advantageous characteristics to their offspring through genes.

64
Q

What is the first step in natural selection ?

A

Mutation occur spontaneously and this creates different versions of genes known as alleles. This creates genetic variation within a species.

65
Q

What does genetic variation cause on the individual ?

A

This creates selection pressure as the individual has advantageous characteristics eg predation and competition.

66
Q

If individuals have advantageous characteristics what do they do for natural selection ?

A

Individuals with advantageous characteristics reproduce and this passes those characteristics, that are desirable, to their offspring.

67
Q

What can reproducing with advantageous characteristic mean overtime ?

A

The next generation has more individuals with the advantageous characteristic. Overtime, this leads to evolution of a new species if genetic variation occurs.

68
Q

How can bacteria gain resistance ?

A

-Gene on chromosome can spontaneously mutate.
-Bacteria gain plasmid with resistance gene from one bacteria to another.

69
Q

Why does a mutant gene in bacteria act immediately ?

A

Bacteria only have one copy of each gene since they only have a single loop of DNA. This means that a mutant gene will have immediate effect making the bacteria resistant.

70
Q

What are the consequences of antibiotic resistant bacteria ?

A

-Serious concern to medical authority.
-New antibiotics have to be created/ discovered.
-Some strains are untreatable with antibiotics.

71
Q

What are some ways of reducing antibiotic resistant bacteria ?

A

-Only prescribe when necessary.
-Ensure the course is finished.
-Rotate use of antibiotics for certain diseases.
-Keep some antibiotics for last resort.
-Invest in further research.

72
Q

Why is penicillin effective ?

A

Prevents the growth of bacteria’s cell wall. Pencillin resistant bacteria have enzymes that break down penicillin, which will be passed down to future generation to increase chance of survival.

73
Q

What can pesticide resistance lead to ?

A

Can lead to bioaccumulation in food chain
Eg, DDT
Inability to control insects means that food supply is not secure.

74
Q

What is an alternative to pesticides to control insects ?

A

Biological control, where other organisms are brought in to control the pests.

Biology (15 decks)

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