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A Level Biology > 4.3 > Flashcards

4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy of biological classification of species:

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

Binomial system of naming species + advantage of using this

A 
It's Latin 
First name (genus) has capital letter second name doesn't + italics/underlined e.g Homo sapiens (underlined/ italics)

Advantages: helps to avoid the confusion of using common names

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3
Q

5 different kingdoms

A 
Prokaryotae
Protoctista 
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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4
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotae

A

•prokaryotic
•single celled, no nucleus
E.g bacteria

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5
Q

Characteristics of Protoctista

A

•Eukaryotic
•Usually live in water
•single celled/simple multicellular organisms
E.g algae

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6
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

•eukaryotic
•single/multicellular organisms
•absorb substances from dead/decaying organisms (saprotrophic)
E.g moulds

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7
Q

Characteristics of plantae

A 
•eukaryotic
•multicellular 
•cellulose cell walls
•photosynthesise (autotrophic)
•chlorophyll 
E.g flowering plants
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8
Q

Characteristics of animalia

A 
•eukaryotic
•multicellular
•no cell walls
•consume plants + animal (heterotrophic) 
E.g mammals
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9
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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10
Q

In the original classification system what did they use to classify animals?

A

Observable features

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11
Q

What is the new classification system

A

The three domains of life:
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

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12
Q

What evidence has led to new classification systems

A

Molecular evidence - some enzymes/proteins are different in similar molecules

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13
Q

What evidence is used now to decide how to classify organisms

A
  • Similarities in biological molecules

* Genetic evidence

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14
Q

Relationship between classification and phylogeny

A

Classification systems take into account phylogeny when arranging organisms into groups.

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15
Q

Evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection

A 
Darwin
Wallace
Fossils can show gradual changes 
DNA looking at DNA base sequences 
comparing sequences of amino acids in proteins
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16
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

The variation between members of the same species

17
Q

Interspecific variation

A

The differences between species

18
Q

Differences between continuous + discontinuous variation

A

Continuous - individuals vary within a range, no distinct categories
Discontinuous - 2 or more distinct categories

19
Q

Examples of continuous variation in animals, plants and microorganisms

A

Animals: milk yield, mass
Plants: no. of leaves, mass
Microorganism: width length

20
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation in animals, plants and microorganisms

A

Animals: blood type
Plants: colour, seed shape
Microorganisms: antibiotic resistance, pigment production

21
Q

Ways to compare data when looking at variation

A
  • Standard deviation
  • T-Test
  • Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
22
Q

Genetic causes of variation

A

Different versions of the same gene (alleles)

23
Q

Environmental causes of variation

A

Differences in environment

24
Q

Genetic & environmental causes of variation

A

Genetic factors determine characteristic ur born with but environmental factors can influences how some characteristics develop

25
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Ways an organism acts that increase its chance of survival e.g playing dead

26
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Processes inside an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival e.g hibernation

27
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A

Structural features of an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival e.g whales have a thick layer of blubber

28
Q

Why do organism’s from different taxonomic groups sometimes show similar anatomical features + example

A

The organisms have evolved in similar environments and to fill similar ecological niches (role of organisms within its habitat e.g what when where it eats)
E.g marsupial and placental mammals

29
Q

Describe the Marsupial and Placental Mammals

A

Marsupials e.g kangaroos
•shorter gestation period (pregnancy)
•don’t develop full placenta
•born early then climb into mothers pouch, attach to test and receive milk, continue to develop

Placental e.g humans
•longer gestation period
•develop placenta
•fully developed

30
Q

Marsupial + Placental moles

A 
Share similar anatomical features as they've both evolved to live in similar environments 
E.g
Both live in tunnels
Small/nonexistent eyes
No ears
Claws 4 dig 
Tube body cone head
Scoopy paws 4 dig

A Level Biology (18 decks)

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