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A Level Biology > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular animals need transport system?

A

They are big
Have a low surface area to volume ratio
Higher metabolic rate (speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body)

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2
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Blood only passes through the heart once for each complete circuit of the body
E.g fish heart ➡️gills➡️body

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3
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Bloody passes thru heart twice for each complete circuit of body
E.g mammals, heart is divided down middle Right➡️lungs➡️left➡️body

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

Blood isn’t enclosed in bloody vessels all the time instead it flows freely through the body cavity
E.g Insects heart segmented

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed inside blood vessels e.g all vertebrates (fish and mammals)

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6
Q

Structure + function or artery

A 
Out➡️in
Elastic tissue wall
Thick muscle layer
Folded endothelium 
Lumen
  • blood heart ➡️ rest of body
  • high pressure
  • oxygenated (except pulmonary)
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7
Q

Arteriole

A

Arteries branch into arterioles and arterioles beach into capillaries
•smooth muscle
•elastic tissue

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

Endothelium
1 cell thick➡️Adapted for efficient diffusion
Connect to venules

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9
Q

Veins

A

Out➡️in
Thin muscle wall
Endothelium
Large lumen

  • Blood➡️back to heart
  • Low pressure
  • Valves to stop blood flowing backwards
  • deoxygenated except pulmonary veins
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10
Q

Venules

A

Connected from capillaries
Thin walls
Join together to form veins

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11
Q

Formation of tissue fluid from plasma

A
  • at end of capillary blood at high hydrostatic pressure
  • pressure pushes blood fluid out of capillary wall
  • tissue fluid consists of plasma with dissolved nutrients and oxygen
  • surrounds body cells so diffusion can happen
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12
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

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13
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

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14
Q

Blood

A

The fluid used to transport materials around the body

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15
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid held in the lymphatic system

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16
Q

Define cardiac cycle

A

The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart

17
Q

What is cardiac cycle

A

Ventricles relax
atria contract➡️decreases volume increases pressure ➡️ pushes blood 2 ventricles pressure ⬆️

Ventricles contract atria relax
Ventricles contract➡️decrease volume increase pressure ➡️ pressure higher than in atria so atrioventricular valves shut to prevent back flow➡️high pressure in ventricles open semi-lunar valves ➡️blood forced out of pulmonary artery + aorta

Ventricles relax atria relax
Semi lunar valves close as higher pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta. Prevents back flow. Atria fill with blood ⬆️pressure (higher pressure in vena cava and pulmonary vein). Ventricles relax pressure⬇️pressure in aria. Atrioventricular valves open blood flows passively.

18
Q

How heart action is initiated and coordinated

A

SAN=pacemaker
Sends waves of electrical activity
Causes right+left atria to contact at same time
Collagen tissue prevents waves passing 2 ventricles instead it goes 2 AVN which passes it on 2 bundle of His. Slight delay makes sure ventricles contract after atria emptied. Purkyne tissue carried waves into muscular walls of right&left ventricles➡️contract simultaneously from bottom up

19
Q

SAN

A

Sino-atrial node

20
Q

AVN

A

Atrio-ventricular node

21
Q

Purkyne tissue

A

Consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles

22
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

Muscle that can initiate its own contraction

23
Q

Tachycardia

A

A rapid heart rhythm

24
Q

Bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm

25
Q

Fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles

26
Q

Ectopic heartbeat

A

An extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles

27
Q

What does wave P show

A

Contraction/excitation of atria

28
Q

What does QRS show

A

Contraction/excitation of the ventricles

29
Q

What does T show

A

Diastole /Relaxation of ventricles

30
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Hb + 4O2 reversible HbO8
CO2 + H2O ➡️ H2CO3
H2CO3 ➡️ HCO3- + H+

31
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme that catalysed the combination of CO2 + H2O

32
Q

What is chloride shift

A

The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell

33
Q

Haemoglobinic acid

A

The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions

34
Q

Fetal (human) haemoglobin

A

The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus

-higher affinity for O2 than adult

35
Q

Adult human haemoglobin

A

Lower curve than fetal

36
Q

Bohr effect

A

The effect that extra CO2 has on the haemoglobin explaining the release of more O2

37
Q

lymphatic system

A

a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system

A Level Biology (18 decks)

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