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A Level Biology > 2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification

A

The number of times larger an image spears, compared to the size of the object

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2
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A 
Magnification (M) = 
Image size (I) / actual/object size
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3
Q

What is resolution

A

The clarity of an image; the higher the resolution the clearer the image

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4
Q

What is the graticule?

A

It is a microscope tool thing used to measure cells

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5
Q

Why do we stain slides/specimen?

A

Stains are coloured chemicals that bind o molecules in or on the specimen, making the specimen easy to see.

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6
Q

What is differential staining?

A

Staining each cell structure differently

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7
Q

What is a micrograph?

A

An image taken from a microscope

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8
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • The cell’s control centre, contains chromatin (made from DNA and proteins)
  • Largest organelle in a cell
  • Contains nucleolus
  • Creates RNA and ribosomes
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9
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

-The region at the centre off the nucleus that plays an important role in ribosome production

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10
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A
  • The site of fat and sugar digestion in the cell
  • Produces energy
  • The inner membrane is folded to increase the surface area for releasing energy from sugars and fats
  • The outer membrane is smooth and featureless
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11
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Folded membranes extending throughout the cell, studded with ribosomes
  • Helps transport materials through cell
  • Site of protein manufacture
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12
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-Synthesises and processes lipids

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13
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

- Makes lysosomes

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14
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

-Contains digestive enzymes that aid in digestion and excretion of substances and worn-out organelles

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15
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

-The site where proteins are made

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16
Q

What is the centriole?

A
  • Composed of 2 cylinders of tubules

- Essential to cell reproduction

17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

-Internal framework of the cell, comprised of microfilaments and hollow microtubules

18
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
  • Is only found in plants

- Supports plant cells

19
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

-A sac that stores and transports ingested materials, waste products and water

20
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

-The site where photosynthesis takes place

Some parts happen in the grana or the stroma(a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

21
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

-A eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells that contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.

22
Q

What are examples of eukaryotes?

A
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
23
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

A

-A large number of specialised membrane-bound organelles

24
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A prokaryote is any organism (usually single-celled whose DNA is suspended freely in the cytoplasm.

25
Q

What is the difference in the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

-Prokaryotes have simpler structures than eukaryotes, lacking organelles such as the nucleus, ER and golgi.

26
Q

What do all prokaryotes have in common?

A
  • No nucleus
  • Very small (less than 2 micrometres in diameter)
  • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (not cellulose like in plants)
27
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotic cells?

A

-Bacteria

28
Q

What is the importance of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • The microtubules and microfilaments support the cell’s organelles, keeping them in position
  • Help to strengthen the cell and maintain it’s shape
  • Responsible for movement of materials within the cell
  • The proteins of the cytoskeleton cause the cell to move
29
Q

HOW DOES PROTEIN PRODUCTION HAPPEN?

A
  • Proteins are made at the ribosomes (ribosomes sometimes at RER)
  • Folded+processed in the RER
  • Transported from the ER to the golgi apparatus in vesicles
  • At the golgi apparatus, proteins may undergo further processing
  • Proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
30
Q

What are vesicles?

A

-Transports substances in and out of the cell + between organelles

31
Q

What does the plasma (cell surface) membrane do

A
  • Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

- Has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

32
Q

Magnification formula

A

Image size/ / Object size

A Level Biology (18 decks)

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