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AQA GCSE Biology > 4.2.2.7 Cancer > Flashcards

4.2.2.7 Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Cancer:

A

the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth an division

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2
Q

Lifestyle risk factors for cancer:

A
  • smoking (lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer)
  • obesity (bowel, liver and kidney cancer)
  • no exercise
  • exposure to carcinogens
  • UV light/radiation (skin cancer)
  • poor diet
  • viral infection (liver cancer from hepatitis B and C, cervical cancer from HPV)
  • alcohol
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3
Q

Genetic risk factors for cancer:

A
  • you can inherit certain genes which increase the likelihood of getting cancer
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4
Q

Benign tumours:

A
  • caused by uncontrolled cell division
  • growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area usually within a membrane, they do not invade other parts of the body (other tissues)
  • not cancerous
  • grows until there is no more room
  • if it causes pressure or damage to an organ it can be dangerous
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5
Q

Malignant tumours:

A
  • caused by uncontrolled cell divison
  • malignant tumour cells are cancers, they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body via the blood (circulatory system) where they form secondary tumours
  • cancerous
  • the tumour may split up, resulting in cells being carried in the bloodstream or lymphatic system
  • cancer cells divide more rapidly and have a longer life span in comparison to normal cells
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6
Q

Metastasis:

A

the spreading of a disease (e.g. cancer) to other parts of the body by metastasis

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7
Q

What do different types of cancer have?

A
  • different types of cancer can have different causes and be treated ind different ways
  • we’re still better at treating some types of cancer than others - but we’re making good progress
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8
Q

How has cancer survival in the UK changed?

A

cancer survival has doubled in the last 40 yrs in the UK

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9
Q

How many people in their lifetime will develop some form of cancer?

A

more than1 in 3 people will develops some form of cancer during their lifetime

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10
Q

What are the two types of skin cancer?

A
  • melanoma
  • non-melanoma
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11
Q

Non-melanoma skin cancer:

A

refers to a group of cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers of the skin

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12
Q

Melanoma skin cancer:

A

type of skin cancer that can spread to other organs in the body

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13
Q

Risk factors for skin cancer:

A
  • exposure to the sun’s rays/UV radiation
  • using sun-beds
  • fair skin
  • red hair
  • age
  • family history
  • other skin conditions
  • sunburn
  • moles and freckles
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14
Q

Prevention methods for skin cancer:

A
  • wear high factor sun cream
  • stay out of the sun in the heat of the day
  • don’t use sun-beds
  • wear a hat and sunglasses
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15
Q

How common is skin cancer?

A

one of the most common skin cancers in the world

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16
Q

What is cervical cancer and where does affect?

A

cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman’s cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina)

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17
Q

What are most cases of cervical cancer caused by?

A

HPV (human papilloma virus)

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18
Q

What is HPV and how can it be transmitted?

A
  • very common virus
  • can be transmitted through any type of sexual contact with a man or a woman
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19
Q

How many types of HPV are there and what can they do?

A
  • 100+ types of HPV many of which are harmless
  • some types of HPV can cause abnormal changes to the cells of the cervix, which can eventually lead to cervical cancer
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20
Q

Risk factors for cervical cancer:

A
  • HPV virus
  • smoking
  • STI’s e.g. chlamydia
  • being overweight
  • long term use of oral contraceptives
  • family history
  • having multiple pregnancies
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21
Q

Prevention methods for cervical cancer:

A
  • using condoms during sexual intercourse
  • HPV vaccinations (now given in schools)
  • NHS carries out routine smear tests for women over age of 25
  • don’t smoke
22
Q

What are the two types of lung cancer?

A
  • small cell lung cancer
  • non-small cell lung cancer
23
Q

Small cell lung cancer:

A
  • when the cancer cells are looked at under a microscope they are very small
  • small cell lung cancer is usually caused by smoking and its rare for someone who has never smoked to develop this type of lung cancer
  • small cell lung cancer is often fast-growing and can spread quickly
24
Q

Non-small cell lung cancer:

A
  • 3 main types of non-small cell lung cancer
  • the cancer cells appears bigger under the microscope
25
Q

Risk factors for lung cancer:

A
  • biggest cause pf lung cancer is smoking (causes more than 8 out of (86%) of lung cancer cases) inc. a small proportion caused by exposure to second hand smoke in non smokers (passive smoking)
  • other causes include: air pollution, exposure to radon gas, previous lung disease, family history
26
Q

Prevention methods for lung cancer:

A
  • don’t smoke/stay away from people who are smoking
  • maintain a healthy diet
  • exercise regularly
27
Q

How common is lung cancer?

A

2nd most common cancer in the UK (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)

28
Q

How many people are diagnosed with lung cancer each year in the UK?

A

43,500

29
Q

How many different types of breast cancer are there?

A
  • several different types of breast cancer, which can develop in different parts of the breast - can occur in both males and females
  • often divided into invasive and non-invasive types
30
Q

Non-invasive breast cancer:

A

this cancer is found in the ducts of the breast and hasn’t developed the ability to spread outside the breast

31
Q

Invasive breast cancer:

A

invasive cancer has ability to spread outside the breast, although this doesn’t necessarily mean it has spread

32
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer:

A
  • age
  • women are at a greater risk than men
  • inherited genes
  • race and ethnicity (white women have higher risk)
33
Q

Prevention methods for breast cancer:

A
  • breast cancer screening for those over the age of 45 - use of a mammogram
  • regular exercise and healthy diet
  • breastfeeding can reduce your risk
34
Q

How common is breast cancer in the UK?

A

most common type of cancer in the UK

35
Q

What is testicular cancer and who does it affect?

A
  • cancer of the testicles aka testicular cancer
  • one of the less common cancers
  • usually affects younger men between the ages of 15-49
36
Q

Risk factors for testicular cancer:

A
  • men born with abnormal testicles
  • middle aged men
  • race (more common in white men)
  • family history
  • tall men are more at risk
  • smoking
  • infertility
  • STIs e.g. HIV
37
Q

Prevention methods for testicular cancer:

A
  • safe sex (use condoms)
  • don’t smoke
  • get regularly checked at the GP
  • (testicular cancer is difficult to prevent)
38
Q

What are brain tumours?

A

a brain tumour is a growth pf cells in the brain that multiplies in an abnormal uncontrolled way - can either be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous)

39
Q

How are brain tumours graded?

A

brain tumours are graded from 1-4 according to their behaviour e.g. how fast they grow and how likely they re to grow back after treatment

40
Q

Risk factors for brain tumours:

A
  • age
  • medical radiation
  • previous cancers
  • genetic history
  • being overweight
  • smoking
  • alcohol
41
Q

Prevention methods for brain tumours:

A
  • don’t drink alcohol or smoke
  • healthy diet and exercise
  • if you show any symptoms of having a brain tumour go to a GP to be checked ASAP e.g. persistent headaches, drowsiness, vomiting, problems with vision, seizures etc.
42
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • our genes pick up mutations when cells divide
  • mutations can happen through our lives during natural processes to our cells or because of environmental factors e.g.: tobacco smoke, high energy radiation, UV radiation from Sun, some substances in food, chemicals in our environment
43
Q

How does cancer develop?

A
  • cancer starts when cells change abnormally
  • cancer is when abnormal cells divide in an uncontrolled way - some cancers eventually spread into other tissues
  • cells don’t specialise so become a growth of undifferentiated cells
44
Q

How does cancer grow to become larger?

A
  • cancer grows as cells multiply over time
  • benign tumours: growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane - can’t invade other parts of the body
45
Q

How does cancer spread to other parts of the body?

A
  • via blood / circulatory system
  • malignant tumour cells - cancer that spread to other parts of body
  • a primary tumour is name for where cancer starts
  • cancer can sometimes spread to other parts of body - caused by secondary ticket or metastasis
  • cancer and its treatment cab affect body systems such as blood circulation, lymphatic and immune systems, and the hormone system
46
Q

Radiotherapy:

A

treatment used for some forms of cancer through using ionising radiation

47
Q

Chemotherapy:

A

a form of treatment that is used in the control of cancers

48
Q

Biopsy:

A

when doctors take a sample of cells they think may be cancerous and look at them under a microscope

49
Q

Carcinogen:

A

a chemical that causes cancer

50
Q

How does the Sun emit UV radiation?

A
  • emits UV radiation in the form of rays

AQA GCSE Biology (109 decks)

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