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AQA GCSE Biology > 4.1.2.2 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle > Flashcards

4.1.2.2 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

How do cells divide?

A

In a series of stages called the cell cycle

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2
Q

What happens during the cell cycle?

A
  • During the cell cycle genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells
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3
Q

What needs to happen before a cell can divide?

A
  • Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structure such as ribosomes and mitochondria
  • The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
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4
Q

What happens at the end of the cell cycle after mitosis?

A

Finally, the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells

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5
Q

What is cell division by mitosis important in?

A
  • The growth and development of tissues in multicellular organisms
  • Repair of tissues in multi-cellular organisms
  • Asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms and binary fission in unicellular organisms
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6
Q

Binary Fission:

A

The process that bacteria use to carry out cell division

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7
Q

Diploid:

A

Two copies of a chromosomes (one from the biological mother and one from the biological father)

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8
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: G1

A

Sub-cellular structures duplicate, structures include mitochondria and ribosomes but excluding chromosomes

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9
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: S

A

DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome

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10
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: G2

A
  • DNA is checked for errors made during replication
  • Done using enzymes, and any errors can be fixed
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11
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: Mitosis

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides to form two nuclei

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12
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis

A
  • From 1 parent cell to two daughter cells
  • Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to create two separate diploid cells each with identical chromosomes
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13
Q

Phases of the Cell Cycle: G0

A
  • Temporary cell resting
  • Some cells will never divide again e.g. nerve cells
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14
Q

What does mitosis make?

A

Cell division that makes 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell and to each other

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15
Q

What are all the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • G0
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16
Q

What are all the phases of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
17
Q

What happens in the prophase of mitosis?

A
  1. The nuclear membrane disappears
  2. The DNA unwinds and condenses into chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids
  3. Spindle fibres form and become visible
18
Q

What happens in the metaphase of mitosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes (made up of 2 sister chromatids) line up along the equator of the cell
  2. Spindle fibres attach to the chromosome at the centromere
19
Q

What happens in the anaphase of mitosis?

A
  1. Sister chromatids are pulled apart (separated) towards the poles of the cell by the spindle fibres
20
Q

What happens in the telophase of mitosis?

A
  1. Nuclear membrane forms around each of the sets of chromosomes separating them from one another
  2. DNA de-condenses
  3. 2 nuclei are formed
21
Q

1 chromosome =

A

2 sister chromatids

22
Q

Diagram of the cell cycle:

A
23
Q

Diagram of the parent cell:

A
24
Q

Diagram showing the phases of mitosis:

A
25
Q

Diagram of cytokinesis:

A
26
Q

The cell cycle:

A

series of stages that a cell goes through when it grows and divides

27
Q

How does DNA replicate in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • still say that there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus after DNA has replicated as the number of chromosomes is counted by the number of centromeres present
  • when the 46 chromosomes duplicate there would still be 46 chromosomes except each chromosome would be made up of 2 sister chromatids (attached to the centromere) instead of 1
    • 46 chromatids to 92 chromatids (but still 46 chromosomes) before and after replication
28
Q
A

AQA GCSE Biology (109 decks)

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