4.2 why were edward and aethelflaed successful in dealing with the vikings?

Question 1

What does Higham say about the Danelaw?
What does he not mention?
How did Aethelflaed do this?
How did this help Edward?

Answer 1

-Edward the Elder is the most neglected of the English Kings
-The role played by Edward’s sister in aiding the expansion of the realm (kingdom)
-Through the construction of buhrs
-Aided him in carrying out raids against the Danes

Question 2

What is Higham also unclear about?
What is he likely referring to?

Answer 2

-What constituted an “expanding realm” and “south centred Anglo-Saxon kingdom”.
-“Conquest of the Danelaw”.

Question 3

What is the term Danelaw associated with?
What is unlikely?
What is more probable?

Answer 3

-The treaty King Alfred made with Guthrum .
-That Guthrum was acknowledged as leader over all geographical entities.
-The Guthrum treaty was established to create a line between East Anglia and Wessex.

Question 4

If the Danelaw is not a geographical region, what is it? (3)
What other 2 things can the Danelaw be described as?

Answer 4

Economic, social, CULTURAL characteristics.
-The Danelaw is cultural, NOT fixed.
-Fluid concept

Question 5

What can it be argued about the Danelaw in 920?
Why did Stenton argue that the Danelaw did not truly vanish until 1066?
Why is this a probelmatic concept?

Answer 5

-It hardly existed at all.
-Old Danelaw seemed to retain a distinct Danish feel (material culture).
-Doubtful whether the Danelaw constituted as a single, integrated entity (integration culture).

Question 6

What does evidence tell us about the Viking communities?

Answer 6

They have been brought together by shared cultural beliefs and views.

Question 7

What is unclear at the end of Edward’s reign?

Answer 7

How much of the Danelaw had been conquered.

Question 8

In what 4 ways did Edward and Aethelflaed deal with the Vikings?

Answer 8

-Buhr construction
-Use of force to gain submission
-Other methods/diplomacy (leadership)
-Intergration (unity)

Question 9

BUHR CONSTRUCTION
When did buhr construction start and why?
Who was now in charge of Mercia?

Answer 9

911, death of Aethelred
Aethelflaed

Question 10

What strategic pattern can we find out from buhr construction? (3 steps)

Answer 10

1. A buhr would be constructed
2. Viking army would then submit in the area where the buhr had been built
3. People in the area who had been subjugated (taken control of) would also submit

Question 11

Give an example of how the strategic pattern of buhr construction came to fruition?
What were the functions of the first two of this buhr.

Answer 11

911 Herford:
1st buhr: designed to repel vikings
2nd buhr: protected routes routes from Essex to London

Question 12

When did the strategic pattern change? How?

Answer 12

-After 913
-Edward moved from a defensive to an offensive approach

Question 13

Which buhrs did Edward comission?
Which buhrs did Aethelflaed commission?
What does this show?

Answer 13

-Hertford and Witan.
-Northern, North-Western, and Western frontiers of Mercia.
-Aethelflaed had a big contribution

Question 14

Who was the Nottingham buhr 918 garrisoned by?
What does this show?

Answer 14

-Garrisoned (defended) by both Viking and Anglo-Saxon soldiers
-Intergration

Question 15

Where were most buhrs?
Name + date 5 additional buhrs.

Answer 15

On borders, within the Danelaw
890 Worcester
890-900 Hereford and Gloucester
914 Eddisbury Hill
914 Warwick

Question 16

USING FORCE TO GAIN SUBMISSION
When did Edward begin raiding? Why?
When did he stop?

Answer 16

909, to test the Vikings response
920

Question 17

What happened in 909?
What did the Vikings do in return?

Answer 17

-Edward raided Northumbrian Vikings for 5 weeks.
-Attaccked Mercia.

Question 18

What battle did 909 prompt in 910?
Which Vikings were killed? (3)

Answer 18

Battle of Tettenhall.
Halfdan, Eowils, Ivar.

Question 19

When did the Vikings return again?
Why were they forced to leave?

Answer 19

913
Combined soldiery from Hereford and Gloucester

Question 20

What happened in 917?

Answer 20

Edward engaged with the Viking of Northampton, Huntingdon and other parts of East Anglian Vikings.

Question 21

What did Edward do when the Vikings camped at Tempsford? Why?
What position was Edward in by 918?

Answer 21

Attacked Colchester (a stronghold of East Anglian Vikings) to show how easy it was to penetrate their defences.
Overlord of most of East Anglia.

Question 22

Why can’t Edward get all the credit in the use of force to gain submission?

Answer 22

Aethelflaed’s success:
-Launched her own offensive>capture of Derby and Leicster.
-Residents of York looked to form an allience with her, but she died before this to came into fruition.

Question 23

OTHER METHODS/DIPLOMACY
Before raiding, how did Edward deal with the Vikings?

Answer 23

Negotiation.

Question 24

What did Edward encourage thegns to do and why?

Answer 24

Buy land near Viking settlements to limit the Viking expansion.

Question 25

What did Edward do once he had complete control of the Vikings?
Give an example of this. What does this show?

Answer 25

Allowed complete autonomy (independence) e.g. Northampton: allowed complete autonomy and retained their estates=loyalty to Edward.

Question 26

What did Edward use to maintain the new parts of his kingdom? E.g?
Overall what is Edward doing here?

Answer 26

-Viking administration systems e.g. Viking mints.
-Not to be so over-oppressive>creates unnecessary backlash.

Question 27

INTERGRATION
What is the area of settlement of Vikings commonly referred to?
What is not clear?

Answer 27

Danelaw.
What this constituted in a geographical sense.

Question 28

Who were the settlers in 903?
What was CLEAR about the settlers?
What does Martin Ryan call this?

Answer 28

-Mixture of members of Vikings armes and Danish migrants from Ireland (Hiberno-Norse).
-Settlers and migrants clearly intergrated with Anglo-Saxons in the Danelaw>society emerged.
-“multiple identities”

Question 29

What does the story of Guthred and Cuthbert tell us?

Answer 29

“multiple identities” was achieved through a form of mutual respect and cooperation.

Question 30

Where were most settlements and why?

Answer 30

Derby, Northampton and Leiscter
Urbanised areas

Question 31

What does the term “Five Boroughs” suggest and why?
*What were the “Five Boroughs”?

Answer 31

There was an element of collaboration between settlements.
-Leiscter
-Lincon
-Nottingham
-Stamford
-Derby

Question 32

What are the 3 main sources of evidence on settlement and intergration?

Answer 32

-Place names
-Materials
-Genetics

Question 33

What is the place name theory based on?
What does this theory give evidence about?

Answer 33

-Grimston hybrids
-Where and to what extent settlement took place

Question 34

What does the theory suggest about place names taken over and settled by the Vikings? (2)
What is this indicated by (examples)?

Answer 34

They will naturally have Scandinavian names and can be located in most of Northern and Eastern England.
“-by” in Derby =primary settlement
“-thorpe” in Mablethorpe=secondary settlement

Question 35

What is a limitation of place names?

Answer 35

Not reliable:
-Scandinavian place names weren’t recorded until the publication of the Doomsday book (1086)
-not obvious that place names emerged in the initial phases of settlement and migration.
-places get renamed often
-doesn’t look at Edward’s time, instead looks at William the Conquerer’s

Question 36

What does material culture refer to?
Give 2 examples of this?

Answer 36

-Objects that reflect cultural development in society.
-Rune stones and cross e.g. Gosforth Cross>gives Norse mythology
-Stone sculptures e.g. ‘Hogback’ grave covers, found in northern of England>Scandinavian

Question 37

Limitations of material culture (2)

Answer 37

-Hogback graves, people who were buried likely had high social statuses>not useful to see how widespread settlement may have been.
-Dating of these are hard and limited in number.

Question 38

What has scientific studies based on genetic systems revealed about Viking settlement?
What is a limitation about genetics?

Answer 38

-Strong links between people of north and east England and people from Denmark and Norway.
-Can’t tell us WHEN this integration took place.