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‎ > 2.1 how did buhrs and those that run them change a’s england'? pt1 > Flashcards

2.1 how did buhrs and those that run them change a’s england'? pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 features of Alfred’s ‘household’.

A

Household, witan, thegns, clergy, ealdormen, reeves.

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2
Q

What did the household form?

A

The central part of the gov.

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3
Q

Who was in the household?

A

A mixture of officials, servants and chapains.

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4
Q

Who did the household liaise (cooperate) with?

A

The witan.

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5
Q

Why was the household a ‘fluid’ institution? Therefore the household moved…

A

Individuals seemed to move in and out (TRANSITORY) of it depending on what Alfred required at any point of time. …around the kingdom.

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6
Q

What was there a lack of in the household? Why might this cause a problem?

A

Formal lines of communication between Alfred, household and the rest of the kingdom (a lot of the ealdormen couldn’t read)>messages would have to be passed on by 3rd parties.

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7
Q

What didn’t exist to support the governing process here? Therefore how was unity maintained? What does this link to?

A

Bureaucratic bodies to support what he did or thought>insufficient>unity was maintained by giving praise and punishment, depending on the actions of the individual>Alfred’s law code.

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8
Q

What did the Witan consist of?

A

Individuals who were trust worthy enough to advise the King on a variety of matters.

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9
Q

What is the Witangamont? Why was this weird?

A

Meeting of the witan to confirm a king. Rare to gather all of the ealdormen.

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10
Q

What matters did the Witan discuss?

A

Holy nature (SYNOD) and secular affairs (ASSEMBLY).

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11
Q

List 2 functions of the Witan.

A

-Discussion of local nature: land disputes, granting charters, attended by the ealdormen, bishop and others.
-Issues of wider nature: broader membership, discussed laws, how to deal with external threats.

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12
Q

Why did membership change often? (2)

A

According to what was being discussed and where the Witan was held.

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13
Q

What do some historians claim about Alfred’s assemblies of Witan and Household? What did they say that Alfred created? Why did people join these bodies?

A

Represented a form of parliament. A form of constitutional monarchy- to gain status and not to challenge the power of the King.

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14
Q

What was the reality of Alfred’s assemblies?

A

Large assemblies were infrequent and Alfred was quite and authoritarian, obscure monarch in how he ruled.

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15
Q

What does Anglo-Saxon Chronicle imply about all the individuals in Alfred’s court? Who might this have included?

A

All important officials in Alfred’s court were thegns (person of high rank who served the king). Bishops, ealdormen and reeves.

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16
Q

How were thegns linked to communication?

A

Between the court and the localities.

17
Q

How did Alfred reform the role of thegns and why?

A

Creating a rotational (1 month on, 2 months off) duty (buhrs) system.

18
Q

Who were the clergy? What were they associated with? What were they directly linked to?

A

Bishops, priests, chaplains. Associated with the church and directly linked to the functioning of the household.

19
Q

What 3 things were the clergy involved in?

A

-Instructing the king on all matters of spiritual nature.
-Praying for the welfare and educating of the King and his immediate family.
-Dealing with correspondence from landowners and dignitaries (high ranked in office)

20
Q

What did some of the clergy form? What did they do? E.g..?

A

Royal secretariat, secret communications with the king and government, interpreted Alfred’s will.

21
Q

Who were the ealdormen? How did they climb the ranks? E.g..?

A

Senior officials and major land owners, having been thegns serving in the royal household. E.g. Ealdormen Wulfred of Hampshire.

22
Q

How many ealdormen supported Alfred in his reign? How many of them had previously been thegns? Overall, what is Alfred using promotion for?

A

25, 15, to buy loyalty, able and trustworthy individuals.

23
Q

List 5 duties of the ealdormen.

A

-Raised armies from the shires during times of war and acted as the King’s military advisors.
-Collected the ‘royal tribute’
-Acted as special messengers
-Enforced the law
-Ensured that people carried out services in support of the King

24
Q

What shows that ealdormen are highly valued? E.g..?

A

Legal protection e.g. anyone caught taking property from an ealdorman was heavily fined.

25
Q

Why did ealdormen have heavy financial burdens? E.g..?

A

They were responsible for the upkeep of roads and buildings, paying soldiers under their command.

26
Q

What was most important for ealdormen?

A

The allegiance and loyalty that ealdormen swore to their King.

27
Q

What relationship did the Reeves have with the people?

A

Face to face relationship with the people of the shires.

28
Q

What were the Reeves 3 main responsibilities?

A

-General administration of the King’s estates.
-Monitoiring of labour services, collection of renders and food rents from peasants.
-Keeping law and order by making legal decisions and by acting as witnesses of accusations of wrong doing.

29
Q

How did Alfred impact the latter (after) duty? What was this the basis for later on?

A

Law codes>hundred court, becomes local government.

30
Q

Which parts of the hierarchy were involved in local government?

A

Reeves.

31
Q

Which parts of the hierarchy were involved in helping other parts communicate with each other?

A

Royal secretariat (clergy), thegns.

32
Q

Which parts of the hierarchy were designed for those in power to feel like they had influence over the king?

A

Witan.

33
Q

How had the role of the clergy changed? (2)

A

-Became the royal secretariat.
-Educating the royal family>church removing the ‘foster system’>ealdormen aren’t happy>Alfred wants to get rid of the ealdormen so that they don’t overpower him>ealdormen cannot do anything about this>civil war (monostric crisis 973).

34
Q

How was the role of the thegn different to the other roles? (3)

A

-Anyone can be a thegn.
-Buhrs cannot be ran without them.
-Closer to the King>get more land.

35
Q

What does innovative mean?

A

Something that hasn’t been done before.

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