4.1.1: Communicble Diseases: Animal Response Flashcards
What are the two lines of defense against pathogens in animals?
Primary and secondary line of defense
What is thromboplastin?
An enzyme that triggers blood clotting
What role does the skin play in the primary line of defense?
Physical barrier and contains skin flora
What happens when there is a cut in the skin?
Blood clots form to create a new barrier
What are mucous membranes?
Tissues that line body tracts and trap pathogens
What is the function of mucus produced by mucous membranes?
Traps pathogens
What are lysozymes?
Hydrolytic enzymes that digest pathogens
Where are lysozymes found?
In tears and phagocytic white blood cells
What are expulsive reflexes?
Mechanisms such as sneezing, coughing, and vomiting to expel pathogens
What is inflammation?
Localized response to cell damage characterized by redness, heat, soreness, itching, and swelling
What triggers inflammation?
Damage to cells detected by the immune system
What do mast cells release during inflammation?
Histamines and cytokines
What effect do histamines have on blood vessels?
Cause dilation and increased permeability
What is the result of increased blood flow due to histamines?
Area becomes red and hot
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
Attract phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogens
