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Psychology > 4.1.1-12 consciousness & sleep > Flashcards

4.1.1-12 consciousness & sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of objects and events in the external world and our own existence and mental processes at any given moment

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2
Q

states of consciousness

A

level of awareness of our internal state and external cues; on a continuum; NWC and ASC

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3
Q

normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

states on consciousness associated with being awake and aware of our thoughts, memories, feelings and the sensations we are experiencing from the outside world

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4
Q

attention

A

concentration of mental activity that involves focusing on specific stimuli and ignoring other stimuli

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5
Q

selective / focused attention

A

act of focusing on one event (to the exclusion of others)

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6
Q

divided attention

A

focusing on two or more events simultaneously; tasks are automatic processes

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7
Q

altered states of consciousness (ASC)

A

any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from NWC, in terms of level of awareness and experience;

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8
Q

polysomnography

A

intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper through the night

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9
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity that is spontaneously generated by the brain; used to study brain wave patterns during sleep and dreaming

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10
Q

beta brain wave

A

high frequency, low amplitude;

associated with alertness and intensive mental activity during NWC

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11
Q

alpha brain wave

A

medium to high frequency, low amplitude;

awake and alert but mentally and physically relaxed and internally focused

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12
Q

theta brain wave

A 
medium frequency, low and high amplitude;
very drowsy (falling asleep), creative activities, deeply meditating
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13
Q

delta brain wave

A

lowest frequency, highest amplitude;

deep, dreamless sleep or unconsciousness, deepest sleep (stage 4)

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14
Q

EMG (electromyogram)

A

used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity in the muscles

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15
Q

EOG (electro-oculogram)

A

used for measuring the eye movements or eye positions by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements;
electrode area surrounding eyes

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16
Q

video monitering

A

used in the study of sleep and sleep disturbances or disorders; video cameras record externally observable physiological responses throughout a sleep episode

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17
Q

sleep diaries

A

self-reported record of an individuals sleep and waking time activities over a period of several weeks

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18
Q

heart rate: sleep

A

as we move into a deeper sleep our heart rate drops

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19
Q

body temperature: sleep

A

drops by 1 degree celsius during sleep

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20
Q

cognitive task

A

task that requires mental processes and that has an easily specified correct outcome

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21
Q

speed and accuracy

A

involves response or reaction time to a stimulus and the number of correct responses and incorrect responses made by the individual

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22
Q

objective

A

not subject to personal opinion or interpretation

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23
Q

controlled processes NWC

A

require alert awareness, full attention and mental effort in which the individual focuses on achieving a goal; only one activity at a time

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24
Q

automatic process NWC

A

any activity that requires low levels of concentration; occur with little conscious awareness, require minimal attention and mental effort

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25
Q

content limitations describe NWC

A

content is more restricted than in ASC; we exercise control over what is acceptable modes of thought and behaviour in our environment; content more organised and logical

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26
Q

content limitations time orientation NWC

A

familiar with the normal passage of time; awareness of our place in time and have the ability to focus on the past, present and future

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27
Q

content limitations memory NWC

A

brain actively stores and retrieves information; individual can recall experiences and information

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28
Q

content limitations perception NWC

A

individual has a clear sense of their internal/external environment

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29
Q

content limitations emotional awareness NWC

A

individuals are aware of their feelings and show a normal range of appropriate emotions

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30
Q

cognition ASC

A

disorganised and illogical thinking; difficulty with problem solving; difficulty paying attention; dreaming

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31
Q

perception ASC

A

hallucinations; lose sense of identity or become detached from self; altered perception of pain

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32
Q

disturbed sense of time ASC

A

inaccurate estimation of time; passes at a different speed than normal

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33
Q

changes in emotional awareness ASC

A

more emotional or express openly; unpredictable emotional responses; emotionless; inappropriate emotional reactions

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34
Q

changes in self-control ASC

A

susceptible to suggestions; through hypnosis can help people gain greater control

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35
Q

drugs

A

any substance that can change a persons physical and/or mental functioning; certain types of drugs can induce ASC

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36
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase activity in the CNS and the rest of the body; have an alerting, activating effect;
increase higher frequency, decrease lower frequency;
increase beta, decrease delta, alpha and theta

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37
Q

depressants

A

drugs that decrease activity in the CNS and the rest of the body; calm, relaxation, drowsiness, reduce alertness;
increase lower frequency, decrease higher frequency;
reduced beta, increased delta, alpha and theta

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38
Q

effects on consciousness of one night full sleep deprivation / legal BAC

A

performance on cognitive tasks following sustained wakefulness decreased to an equivalent of a person with a BAC of 0.05%

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39
Q

sleep

A

reversible behavioural state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment

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40
Q

reversibility of sleep

A

a sleep can always be awoken with a strong stimulus, such as a noise and therefore ‘reverse back’ to the waking state quite quickly

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41
Q

perceptual disengagement of sleep

A

sleeper has no awareness of sensory stimuli in their external environment of which they are usually conscious in waking state

42
Q

biological rhythms

A

cyclic changes in bodily functions or activities that repeat themselves through time in the same order; e.g. body temperature, secretion of hormones

43
Q

circadian rhythms

A

involves change in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle with duration of about 24 hours

44
Q

sleep-wake cycle

A

daily, naturally occurring 24-hour circadian rhythm of sleep and wake states regulated by a biological clock

45
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental time cues such as light-dark, meal times, clocks, jobs and social interactions

46
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

regulates timing and activity of sleep-wake cycle –> amount of incoming light and adjusts sleep-wake cycle accordingly

47
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

involves changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 24 hours; includes heartbeat and respiration

48
Q

hypnogogic state

A

transition from awake to asleep

49
Q

awake (drifting off)

A

beta waves –> first close eyes alpha –> into first stage of NREM

50
Q

how long is a complete sleep cycle

A

80-120 minutes (consists of both REM and NREM)

51
Q

how many sleep cycles does a normal adult experience a night

A

4-5 cycles per night

52
Q

NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement)

A

stages 1-4

53
Q

NREM stage 1

A

occurs when drift into sleep; muscles relax; decrease in alpha and replaced with theta; decrease heart rate, respiration;
lasts about 5-10 minutes

54
Q

NREM stage 2

A

light stage of sleep; body movements lessen; theta waves;
sleep spindles & K complexes;
lasts about 10-20 minutes

55
Q

sleep spindles

A

brief bursts of higher frequency brain wave activity; lasts 1 second; indicate person is asleep

56
Q

K complexes

A

bursts of low frequency, high amplitudes brain waves in response to an arousing stimulus

57
Q

NREM stage 3

A

stage of deepest sleep; extremely relaxed and less responsive; delta waves make up 20-50% (SWS), remaining are theta; usually groggy if woken;
lasts about 10 minutes

58
Q

NREM stage 4

A

very deep sleep; delta waves make up more than 50% (slower and larger); sleep inertia;
up to 20 minutes

59
Q

sleep inertia / drunkenness

A

difficult to wake up; may take 10 minutes to orient themselves and have poor memories of sleep events

60
Q

how long does the progression of NREM from stage 1 to 4 take

A

about 45-60 minutes before progressives move back through stages

61
Q

REM sleep (rapid eye movement) stage 5

A

eyeballs rapidly move beneath the closed eyelids; brain wave activity is similar to being awake (low amplitude, high frequency beta); difficult to wake; muscles temporary state of ‘paralysis’; dreams

62
Q

paradoxical sleep

A

internally the brain is active, while externally the body appears calm and inactive

63
Q

REM sleep increases after what

A

stressful / emotional events;

related to cognitive functioning

64
Q

NREM sleep increases after what

A

physical exertion;

related to physical recovery

65
Q

restorative theory

A

NREM sleep is needed for the body to recover, relax, repair tissue, remove waste products and replenish neurotransmitters

66
Q

restorative theory criticisms

A

unless we partake in extreme physical activity we shouldn’t need more sleep; bed ridden people have similar sleep habits

67
Q

evolutionary (circadian) theory

A

sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism through making it inactive during the part of the day when it is most risky or dangerous to move about

68
Q

evolutionary (circadian) theory criticisms

A

assumes sleep is useful but not essential

69
Q

differences in sleep across lifespan

A

number of hours of sleep decreases from around 16 hours to 6 hours;
amount of REM sleep generally decreases also

70
Q

circadian rhythm phase disorders

A

group of sleep disorders involving sleep disruption that is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep-wake pattern and the pattern that is desired or required;
involve a problem with the timing of the sleep and wake states

71
Q

main concept of circadian rhythm phase disorders

A

individual cannot sleep when sleep is desired, needed or expected

72
Q

sleep wake shift in adolescence

A

during adolescence, hormonally induced shift of the sleep-wake cycle forward about 1 to 2 hours; timing of melatonin secretion that induces sleep onset peaks later; bodies not ready to sleep; biologically driven

73
Q

sleep-wake cycle shift

A

a change in the timing of the major sleep episode, either through forward or backward movement

74
Q

sleep debt

A

sleep that is owed and needs to be made up because daily sleep requirements have not been met

75
Q

shift work

A

sleep disturbances associated with shift work that takes place outside the times of the normal ‘9 to 5’ work day, especially at night when the work is scheduled during the habitual hours of sleep; accumulate sleep debt; we’re not nocturnal beings

76
Q

jet lag / time zone change syndrome

A

sleep disorder due to a disturbance to the circadian sleep-wake cycle caused by rapid travel across multiple time zones; shifting to new time zone results in a mismatch between our internal circadian biological clock and the external environment; temporary desynchronisation

77
Q

symptoms of jet lag / time zone change syndrome

A

difficulties in intimating or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, reduced day time alertness, impaired concentration and cognitive performance, digestive problems, malaise

78
Q

malaise

A

vague feeling of bodily discomfort

79
Q

west of best jet lag

A

jet lag is less disruptive when we travel in a westerly direction; we follow the apparent pathway of the sun; less mismatch between our biological clock and the day-night cycle of the external environment

80
Q

sleep deprivation

A

general term used to describe a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, either voluntary or involuntary

81
Q

partial sleep deprivation

A

involves having less sleep (either quantity or quality) than what is normally required

82
Q

total sleep deprivation

A

involves not having any sleep at all over a short-term or long-term period; the person stays awake for one or more days

83
Q

affective (emotional) effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

amplified emotional responses; compromise brains ability to process emotional information, make accurate emotional perceptions, regulate how we respond emotionally; more likely to occur with REM sleep deprivation

84
Q

behavioural effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

sleep inertia; excessive sleepiness, sewer reaction rate, microsleep

85
Q

cognitive effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

reduces alertness and our ability to stay focused on task; ability to think clearly reduces; think in irrational ways; perform worse on learning and memory tasks

86
Q

microsleep

A

brief period of sleep, lasting up to a few seconds; person typically has a fixed gaze, blank expression and doesn’t blink

87
Q

dyssomnias

A

sleep disorder that relates to problems with falling asleep and staying asleep

88
Q

sleep onset insomnia / initial insomnia

A

used to refer specifically to the sleep disorder involving persistent difficulty falling asleep at the usual sleep time

89
Q

insomnia

A

sleep disorder that typically involves persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep; regular problems falling asleep and/or staying asleep, despite having adequate opportunity for sleep

90
Q

symptoms of sleep onset insomnia

A

regular failure to fall asleep within about 20-30 minutes after intending to of to sleep; occurs at least 3 nights a week and for at least 3 months; non-restorative sleep

91
Q

sleep onset insomnia effect on sleep-wake cycle

A

sleep onset occurring much later than desired; non-restorative; preoccupation with sleep and distress due to inability to sleep –> override and inhibit normal sleep-onset mechanisms

92
Q

parasomnias

A

sleep disorders characterised by the occurrence of inappropriate physiological and/or psychological activity during sleep or sleep-to-wake transitions

93
Q

sleep walking / somnambulism

A

involves getting up from bed and walking about or performing other behaviours while asleep; engage in activities which are routine and of low complexity; occurs in stage 3 and 4 NREM

94
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy

A

aims to find solutions on how to change a persons current thoughts and behaviours so that they can function better now and in the future

95
Q

CBT-I (cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia)

A

goal is to help individuals with insomnia identify and replace thoughts and behaviour that cause or worsen their insomnia with thoughts and behaviour that minimise the likelihood of their insomnia and promote good sleep

96
Q

cognitive: CBT-I

A

assists the individual to recognise and change inappropriate or dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and other thoughts about their sleep

97
Q

behavioural: CBT-I

A

helps the individual develop good sleep habits and avoid behaviours that prevent them from sleeping well

98
Q

most effective behavioural therapy techniques for insomnia

A

stimulus control therapy and sleep hygiene education

99
Q

stimulus control therapy

A

behavioural therapy for people with insomnia that aims to strengthen the bed and bedroom as cues for sleep, to weaken them as cues for behaviours that are incompatible with sleep, and to establish a regular sleep-wake schedule that is consistent with the circadian sleep-wake cycle

100
Q

sleep hygiene / habits education

A

involves providing information about practises that tend to improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness

101
Q

bright light therapy / phototherapy

A

involves timed exposure of the eyes to intense but safe amounts of light

102
Q

bright light therapy used for circadian rhythm phase disorders

A

aims to shift an individual sleep-wake cycle to a desired schedule, typically the day-night cycle of their physical environment; light may be sunlight or artificial

Psychology (8 decks)

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