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Psychology > 3.1.6-9 stress > Flashcards

3.1.6-9 stress Flashcards

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1
Q

stress

A

state of physiological or psychological arousal produced by internal or external forces which exceeds a person’s ability to cope

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2
Q

stressor

A

event that causes stress

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3
Q

physical stressor example

A

extreme temperature, noise, light

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4
Q

psychological stressor example

A

changing schools, arguing with friends, failing an exam

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5
Q

internal stressor

A

originating in the organism

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6
Q

external stressor

A

originating outside the organism

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7
Q

stress reactions / responses

A

physiological, psychological and behavioural responses that people experience when they are confronted by a stressor

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8
Q

mild stress

A

can be stimulating, motivating and challenging

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9
Q

acute stress

A

produces very high arousal levels suddenly

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10
Q

chronic stress

A

produces high arousal levels that continue over a long period of time

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11
Q

effect of long term production go cortisol

A

reduced strength of immune system -> illness

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12
Q

psychobiological process

A

stress involves psychological (internal mental processes) and biological (activation of autonomic nervous system) processes

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13
Q

eustress

A

positive psychological response to a stressor as indicated by the presence of positive psychological states

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14
Q

distress

A

negative psychological response to a stressor as indicated by the presence of negative psychological states

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15
Q

process of eustress

A

eustress, sympathetic, goal reached, parasympathetic, body calm and returned to normal

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16
Q

process of distress

A

distress, sympathetic, unpleasant psychological states

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17
Q

sources of stress

A 
daily pressures,
life events.
acculturative stress.
major stressors.
catastrophe
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18
Q

stressor: daily pressures (hassles)

A

little problems of everyday living that are irritants

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19
Q

stressor: life events

A

change that forces individuals to adapt to new circumstances.
e.g. loss of spouse

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20
Q

stressor: acculturative stress

A

stress experienced in trying to adapt to a new culture when living in it.
e.g. language difficulties, discrimination

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21
Q

stressor: major stressors

A

event that is extraordinarily stressful or disturbing for almost everyone who experiences it.
e.g. terminal illness

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22
Q

stressor: catastrophe

A

unpredictable event that causes widespread damage or suffering.
e.g. terrorist attack, bushfire

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23
Q

fight-flight response

A

involuntary physical response to sudden and immediate threat or stressor.
adaptive quick reactions, initiated by brain (hypothalamus).
releases adrenaline

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24
Q

fight response

A

confronting and fighting off the stressor

25
Q

flight response

A

escaping by running away to safety

26
Q

freeze response

A

keeping absolutely still and silent, avoiding detection.

‘tonic immobility’

27
Q

HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal)

A

involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex in a chain of direct influences and feedback interactions.
after fight-flight reaction if needed -> stressor is prolonged

28
Q

process of HPA axis

A

stressor prolonged, hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland, releases ACTH, stimulate adrenal gland, release cortisol

29
Q

cortisol

A

hormone secreted from adrenal cortex to primarily energise the body in response to a stressor

30
Q

when is cortisol released

A

with HPA axis from adrenal cortex

31
Q

effect of cortisol

A

excessive about of cortisol over prolonged time can suppress immune system functioning and thereby increases vulnerability to illness

32
Q

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

A

non-specific 3 stage (ARE) physiological response to stress that occurs regardless of stressor that is encountered

33
Q

GAS: alarm reaction

A

shock and counter shock.
immediate response.
body is immobilised to defend against stressor

34
Q

GAS: alarm reaction, shock

A

organism first becomes aware of stressor -> body goes into temporary state of shock.
ability to cope falls below normal.

35
Q

GAS: alarm reaction, counter shock

A

sympathetic NS activated.
body’s resistance to stressor increases.
adrenaline released

36
Q

GAS: resistance

A

if stressor not dealt with immediately.
maximise resources to cope and adapt.
arousal remains high, as body tries to defend against and adapt to stressor -> capacity to deal with stressor rises above normal.
cortisol released

37
Q

GAS: exhaustion

A

if stressor not dealt with during resistance and stress continues.
ability to resist may collapse.
physical wear and tear

38
Q

strengths of GAS

A

results: prolonged stress can lead to death in rates.

establishes the grater the intensity of stressor, the greater the physiological response

39
Q

limitations of GAS

A

cannot be generalised to humans because research done on rats.
didn’t recognise role of emotions and cognitions in stress response.

40
Q

psychological factors that influence how we respond to stress

A

prior experience.
motivation.
self esteem.
coping skills

41
Q

lazarus and folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping

A

proposes that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their external environment, and that a stress response depends upon the individuals interpretation (appraisal) of the stressor and their ability to cope with it

42
Q

primary appraisal

A

evaluation of the significance of a potential stressor / stimulus.
irrelevant / benign-positive / stressful.
if stressful (harm/loss, threat, challenge)

43
Q

secondary appraisal

A

evaluation of coping options and resources available for dealing with stressor.
problem based coping or emotion based coping

44
Q

reappraisal

A

assessment of a stressor again or in a different way

45
Q

strengths of lazarus and folk man model

A

emphasises the personal nature and unique appraisal involved in stress.
allows us to reappraise.

46
Q

limitations of lazarus and folk man model

A

overlooks physiological responses.

linear approach doesn’t allow for individual variation in progression through stages

47
Q

coping

A

describes all the different things we do to manage and reduce the stress experienced as a result of problems, issues or difficult situations that arise in life

48
Q

coping strategy

A

specific method used to manage or reduce stress produced by a stressor

49
Q

context-specific effectiveness

A

whether there is a match or ‘good fit’ between the coping strategy that is used and the stressful situation

50
Q

coping flexibility

A

ability to effectively modify or adjust one’s coping strategies according to the demands of different stressful situations

51
Q

strategies for coping with stress

A

exercise.

approach and avoidance strategies

52
Q

physical benefits of physical exercise in coping with stress

A

depletes body of excess stress hormones, relaxes tense muscles and tissues, promotes release of serotonin and endorphins

53
Q

psychological benefits of physical exercise in coping with stress

A

cognitive: reduces mental fatigue.
emotional: promotes positive mood.
social: company of others, social support

54
Q

approach strategies in coping with stress

A

efforts to confront a stressor and deal with it and its effects directly

55
Q

benefits of approach strategies in coping with stress

A

more adaptive and effective

56
Q

limitations of approach strategies in coping with stress

A

initially, may increase stress levels.

may require more energy focussed on dealing with it hence less energy towards other life aspects

57
Q

avoidance strategies in coping with stress

A

efforts that evade a stressor and deal indirectly with it and its effects

58
Q

benefits of avoidance strategies in coping with stress

A

allows for conservation of energy to focus on other stressors that can be changed.
can be more effective with coping in short term

59
Q

limitations of avoidance strategies in coping with stress

A

maladaptive.

negative consequences

Psychology (8 decks)

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