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Psychology > 3.1.1-5 nervous system > Flashcards

3.1.1-5 nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

communication system of neurons between the body’s internal cells and organs and the external world

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2
Q

3 main functions of the nervous system

A

receive, process and coordinate information

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3
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord.
process’ and integrates information received from the body’s internal and external environments and to activate appropriate responses

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4
Q

brain

A

intricate network of neurons, organised into identifiable areas and structures that have specialised functions

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5
Q

spinal cord

A

long, thing bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back.
allows communication between the brain and PNS

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

entire network of nerves located outside the CNS.

carries information to and from the CNS from the body’s muscles, organs and glands and sensory organs

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

connected to our sensory receptors and skeletal muscles.

carries motor messages from CNS on efferent tract and sensory messages to CNS along afferent tract

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8
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

carry information received by sensory receptors to CNS

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9
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry information from CNS to control voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

connects CNS to the body’s organs, visceral muscles and glands, without conscious effort

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11
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activates internal muscles, organs and glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity or to deal with a stressful or threatening situation

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12
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps to maintain the internal body environment in a steady, balanced state of normal functioning

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13
Q

effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A 
dilate pupils.
accelerate heartbeat.
inhibit flow of saliva.
dilate bronchi.
inhibit bladder contraction.
secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
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14
Q

effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

stimulate flow of saliva.
slows heartbeat.
constricts bronchi.
contracts bladder

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15
Q

conscious response to stimuli

A

reaction to sensory stimulus that involves awareness.

voluntary and intentional

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16
Q

unconscious response to stimuli

A

reaction to sensory stimulus that doesn’t involves awareness.
involuntary and unintentional

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17
Q

reflex arc / spinal reflex

A

unconscious, involuntary and automatically occurring response to certain stimuli without any involvement of the brain

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18
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cell that is specialised to receive, process and/or transmit information

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19
Q

synapse

A

communication junction between two neurons

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20
Q

synaptic transmission

A

process of neurons communicating with each other

21
Q

dendrite function

A

detect and receive info from other neurons

22
Q

axon function

A

transmit neural information to other neurons or cells in muscles and glands

23
Q

myelin function

A

insulates axon and prevents interference from the activity of other nearby axons

24
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

small unmyelinated gaps along axon

25
Q

myelin

A

white, fatty substances surrounding axon

26
Q

axon terminals function

A

sotres and secretes neurotransmitters and carries its chemical message to other neurons or cells

27
Q

terminal button

A

small structure like a sac that stores neurotransmitters

28
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances produced by a neuron that carry a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, organs or other tissue

29
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of neurotransmitter that don’t bind to a receptor successfully back into the terminal button (axon terminal) by the presynaptic neuron

30
Q

neurotransmitter excitatory effect

A

stimulate or activate postsynaptic neurons to perform their functions.
e.g. glutamate

31
Q

neurotransmitter inhibitory effect

A

block or prevent postsynaptic neurons from firing.

e.g. GABA

32
Q

glutamate (Glu)

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS.
enhances information transmission.
involved in perception, thinking, movement and enhances processes of learning and memory

33
Q

GABA (gama amino butyric acid)

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
maintain neurotransmission at an optimal level.
without it, activation of postsynaptic neurons might get out of control.
counterbalances glutamate

34
Q

lock and key process

A

neurotransmitter fits perfectly into receptor site

35
Q

abnormal levels of serotonin leads to what

A

depression

36
Q

abnormal levels of GABA leads to what

A

anxiety

37
Q

abnormal levels of serotonin and dopamine leads to what

A

ADHD

38
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

progressive CNS neurodegenerative disorder characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms, such as tremors, muscle rigidity and problems with cognitive function

39
Q

causes of parkinsons disease

A

degeneration and loss of neurons in substantia nigra

40
Q

substantia nigra

A

located in basil ganglia (midbrain).
role in control of voluntary muscle movements, coordination (balance, walking, talking, writing).
produces dopamine

41
Q

role of dopamine

A

carries messages on how to control body movements

42
Q

4 key motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

temor.
muscle rigidity.
slowness of voluntary movement (bradykinesia).
postural instability, balance problems and gait (walking) disturbances

43
Q

tremor

A

continuous, involuntary shaking (trembling) of the body

44
Q

muscle rigidity

A

muscles unable to relax and are tight even at rest

45
Q

bradykinesia

A

difficulty starting new movements or stopping an ongoing movement.
decrease in fine motor coordination

46
Q

postural instability, balance problems and gait (walking) disturbances

A

inability to maintain steady, upright posture or take corrective action to prevent a fall

47
Q

non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

decrease or loss of sense of smell (anosmia), sweating and increased sensitivity to temperatures, fatigue.
problems with cognitive function

48
Q

Parkinson’s disease treatment

A

no cure.

medications can be converted into dopamine by neurons or mimic its role

Psychology (8 decks)

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