Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology AS > 4. Psychopathology > Flashcards

4. Psychopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Deviation from social norms?

A

Abnormal behaviour is seen as a deviation from unstated rules about how on ‘ought’ to behave. Anything that violates these rules is considered abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is DSM?

A

(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) A list of disorders that is used to diagnose mental disorders. For each disorder a list of clinical characteristics is given - ie the symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Statistical infrequency?

A

Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare ie any behavior that id found found in very few people is regarded as abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders (‘pathology’ is the study of disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is diagnosing psychological disorders more difficult than diagnosing physical disorders?

A

Physical has certain symptoms - it is difficult to diagnose if someone is ‘ill’ - in what way does their behaviour differ from what is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is abnormality determined using statistics?

A

By the presence of several of the characteristics

The most obvious way being in terms of statistical infrequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

The mean, median and mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are descriptive statistics used for?

A

To represent the typical value in any set of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do we define aspects of what is normal?

A

By referring to typical values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can statistics inform us about?

A

I.e. average shoe size for 10 year olds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can we gain an idea of what is abnormal using statistics?

A

By defining what is most common or normal which then gives an idea of what is not common/abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do we consider statistical norms?

A

The distribution of data and how the curve fits, if it has a normal distribution we consider it normal vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are social norms?

A

These are norms created by a group of people and thus are ‘social’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are social norms formed?

A

As there are standards of acceptable behaviour in any society which are set by the social group and adhered to by the social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Anyone who behaves differently (deviates) from the socially created norms is classed abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an example of a social norm and why it is good

A

Politeness

Politeness means good relationships form, people who behave rudely are considered to be behaving in a socially deviant way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of ways social norms can be enforced?

A
  • Implicit rules (i.e. not laughing at a funeral)

- Laws (e.g. causing disorder in public is against the law)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give an example of social norms changing

A

In the past homosexuality was classified as abnormal and was regarded as a mental disorder - this judgment was based on social deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give 3 evaluation points for statistical infrequency

A
  • Some abnormal behaviours are desirable
  • The cut-off point is subjective
  • Statistical infrequency is sometimes appropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 3 evaluation points for deviation from social norms

A
  • Susceptible to abuse
  • Deviance is related to context and degree
  • There are some strengths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A
  • Statistical infrequency
  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function adequately
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health, behaviours that are associated with competence & happiness

Ideal mental health would include a positive attitude towards the self, resistance to stress and accurate perception of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

People are judged on their ability to go about daily life

If they can’t do this and are also experiencing distress then it is considered a sign of abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who was Marie Jahoda?

A

She came up with deviation from ideal mental health

(1907-2001) Born in Vienna, Austria, to a Jewish family & fled to the US at the start of WW2. She later worked at the university of Sussex & developed the first department of social psychology in Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is being unable to cope with everyday living as a definition of abnormality?

A

Failure to function adequately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is coping with everyday life considered?

A
  • Eating regularly
  • Washing clothes
  • Getting up for a job or some form of activity
  • Being able to communicate with others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does not functioning adequately cause?

A

It causes distress for the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is considered abnormal based on statistical infrequency?

A

An individual who is outside the normal (two standard deviations away from the mean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is depression?

A

A mood disorder where an individual feels sad/lacks interest in their usual activities

Further characteristics:

  • Irrational negative thoughts
  • Raised or lowered activity levels
  • Difficulties with concentration, sleeping & eating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

An anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions and compulsions

Compulsions are a response to obessions & the person believes the compulsions will reduce anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are phobias?

A

A group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stuimulus/group of stimuli

The anxiety interferes with normal living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What group of disorders do phobias come over?

A

Phobic disorders are included in ‘anxiety disorders’

It’s a group of mental disorders that share the primary symptom of extreme anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the primary symptom of phobias?

A

Extreme anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do phobias affect someone’s actions?

A

They are instances of irrational fears that produce a conscious avoidance of the feared object/situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being trapped in public place where escape is difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Anxiety related to social situations such as talking to a group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are specific phobias?

A

Fears about specific objects such as spiders or snakes, or specific situations such as heights or the dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Primary characteristic: marked & persistent - likely to be unreasonable

Coupled with fear are feelings of panic & anxiety

These emotions are cued by the specific object or situation & are out of proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

Avoidance, freezing or fainting

The fight, flight or freeze response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why do people freeze when they have a phobia of something?

A

It is an adaptive response because a predator may think the prey is dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is avoidance (in terms of phobias)?

A

When a person with a phobia is faced with the object/situation that creates fear the immediate response is to avoid it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does avoidance affect people with phobias?

A

Avoidance in the feared situation interferes significantly with the persons routine, occupation, social activities or relationships

There is also marked distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How are phobias distinguished from normal everyday fears?

A

There is marked distress and they interfere with normal day to day living unlike everyday fears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus & is able to produce a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reinforcement/punishment

If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the two process model?

A

A theory that explains two processes that lead to the development of phobias

They begin through classical conditioning & are maintained through operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is flooding?

A

A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias & other anxiety disorders

Client is exposed to (or imagines) an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias & other anxiety disorders

Client is gradually exposed to (or imagines) the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety is extinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder

Focuses on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the negative triad model?

A

A cognitive approach to understanding depression

Focusses on how negative expectations (schema) about self, world abs future lead to depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is a schema?

A

A cognitive framework that helps organise & interpret info in the brain

A schema helps an individual to make sense of new info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

A

A combo of cognitive therapy & behavioural therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is cognitive therapy?

A

A way of changing maladaptive thoughts & beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is behavioural therapy?

A

A way of changing behaviour in response to these thoughts & beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are irrational thoughts?

A

Rational thinking is flexible & realistic - where beliefs are based in fact & logic

Irrational thinking is rigid & unrealistic and lacks internal consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is concordance rate?

A

Measure of genetic similarity

e.g. 100 twin pairs, one twin of each pair has a phobic disorder - the no. their other twin also shows the illness determines the concordance rate (if 40 have phobic disorder, concordance rate is 40%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is dopamine?

A

One of the key neurotransmitters in the brain, with effects on motivation and ‘drive’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a gene?

A

A part of a chromosome of an organism that carries info in the form of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical substances that play an important part in the workings of the nervous system by transmitting nerve impulses across a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is GABA?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

A neurotransmitter that regulates excitement in the nervous system - acting as a natural form of anxiety reducer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

A neurotransmitter found mainly in areas of the brain that are involved in governing autonomic nervous system activity

e.g. blood pressure or HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is serotonin?

A

A neurotransmitter implicated in many different behaviours & physiological processes, including aggression, eating behaviour, sleep & depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the 3 main groups of drugs to treat OCD?

A
  • SSRIs (antidepressants)
  • Tricyclics (antidepressants)
  • Benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety drugs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the biological approach to treating OCD?

A

Drug therapy e.g. SSRIs

66
Q

What are the most commonly used drugs to treat OCD?

A

SSRIs - also commonly used for depression

67
Q

What are low levels of serotonin associated with?

A

Depression and OCD

68
Q

How do SSRIs help OCD?

A

They increase levels of serotonin which regulates mood & anxiety

69
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

70
Q

What are the two neurotansmitters that can cause OCD?

A
  • Dopamine when levels are too high

- Serotonin when levels are too low

71
Q

What are the 3 types of drugs used/perscribed for OCD?

A

SSRIs
Tricyclics
Benzodiazepines

72
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

73
Q

What are the most commonly used drugs to treat OCD and depression?

A

SSRIs

74
Q

Give 3 examples of SSRIs

A
  • Fluoxetine (e.g. Prozac)
  • Sertraline (e.g. Zoloft)
  • Citalopram (e.g. Celexa)
75
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

They block the reuptake of serotonin from synapses while allowing other processes to continue

Leads to a “build-up” in synapses as it cannot be removed

76
Q

Why do some people not have enough serotonin - leading to OCD?

A

The patient removes serotonin too quickly or they don’t produce enough

77
Q

How do Tricyclics compare to SSRIs?

A

They are commonly used for OCD but are more powerful than SSRIs so are rarely prescribed first

78
Q

Give two examples of Tricyclics

A
  • Amitriptyline (e.g. Elavil)

- Clomipramine (e.g. Anafranil)

79
Q

How do Tricyclics work?

A

They block reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline

Works as both NT are in the same chemical family

Causes them to build up in synapses, increasing their effects

80
Q

How does increased serotonin on OCD patients help them (relating to Tricyclics?

A

Gives them better impulse control

81
Q

How does increased noradrenaline in OCD patients help them (relating to Tricyclics)?

A

Helps patients feel “awake” & motivated (helps with often-comorbid depression)

82
Q

How are charges in neurons changed in summation?

A

They are changed by ion exchange (making the neurons +ive or -ive)

83
Q

What is summation?

A

At the end of synaptic transmission there are inhibitory/excitatory signals that cuase the cell to fire (complete the action) if enough build up

84
Q

What are the most common ions that change the charge in neurons during summation?

A

Cl- (negative)
K+ (positive)
Na+ (positive)

85
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters allow Na+ to enter the neuron

86
Q

What are the stages of a cell being reset after summation?

A
  • Excitatory NTs allow Na+ to enter the neuron (depolarisation)
  • Neuron becomes +ive inside the membrane (EPSP ->AP)
  • This opens channel to let K+ ions out
  • Outside of cell becomes more +ive
  • Cell is “reset” (hyperpolarised)
87
Q

What are BZs used for?

A

Are used for a range of anxiety disorers; including panic disorder, addiction withdrawl & OCD

88
Q

Give 3 examples of BZs

A

Alazopram (e.g. Xanax)

Diazepam (e.g. Valium)

Lorazepram (e.g. Ativan)

89
Q

How do BZs work?

A

They mimick GABA

90
Q

What is the process of BZs mimicking GABA?

A
  • Bind to receptors with chloride channels, casing them to open; GABA normally does this
  • -ive chloride ions (Cl-) flood intothe postsynaptic cell
  • Created IPSP (hyperpolarisation), reducing neuron activity; addressing impulsivity & anxiety
91
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Causes IPSP (hyperpolarisation) by opening channels that let negatively-charged ions through the membrane

92
Q

What is GABA?

A

An inhibatory neurotransmitter

93
Q

What is OCD classed as?

A

An anxiety disorder characterised by obsessive thinking & repetitive behaviours

94
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Internal componenets as they are intrusive thoughts (something you think)

95
Q

What are compulsions?

A

External components as they are repetivite behaviours (something you do) - these reduce anxiety

96
Q

How does the biological apprach explain OCD?

A

It sees abnormal conditions such as OCD, as being similar to physical illness caused by abnormal biological processes

97
Q

What are the two main biological explanations for OCD?

A
  • Neural explanations

- Genetic explantions

98
Q

What are neural explanations (biological approach)?

A

The occurrence of OCD through abnormal functioning of neural (brain) mechanisms & neurotransmitters

99
Q

What are genetic explanations (biological approach)?

A

Hereditary influences through genetic transmission from parent to offspring

100
Q

What are the two genes in the biological approach to explaining OCD?

A

COMT and SERT (5-HTT)

101
Q

What does the COMT gene produce and how does this affect OCD patients ?

A

An enzyme that degrades dopamine

People with OCD can’t degrade dopamine properly

102
Q

Do people with OCD have the COMT gene?

A

No - they have a low activity variant of this gene

103
Q

How does the COMT gene cause OCD?

A

COMT degrades dopamine and people with OCD have a low activity version of this gene

Therefore dopamine levels build up in the synapse and are very high

104
Q

What does the SERT gene produce?

A

A protien that transports serotonin back to the presynaptic neuron (reuptake)

105
Q

Do OCD patients have the SERT gene?

A

No - they have a high activity variant of this gene

106
Q

What happens if serotonin is removed too quickly?

A

It results in lower levels recieved & a shoerte duration of serotonin’s effects

107
Q

How does the SERT gene affect OCD patients?

A

The SERT gene in OCD patients is a high activity variant

It removes serotonin too quickly & results in a shorter duration of serotonins effects

108
Q

What is the genetic explanation fo OCD?

A

There are genes that are thoguth to contribute to OCD as they impact neurotransmitter levels

109
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters involved in OCD?

A

Dopamine and Serotonin

110
Q

How do serotonin levels affect OCD?

A

Lower levels of serotonin in the brain are also associated with OCD

111
Q

How do dopamine levels affect OCD?

A

Abnormally high dopamine levels are found in people with OCD

112
Q

What sort of neurotransmitter is dopamine?

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter

113
Q

What sort of neurotransmitter is serotonin?

A

An inhibatory neurotransmitter

114
Q

What does dopamine control?

A
  • Reward
  • Movement
  • Memory
  • Waking up
115
Q

What does serotonin control?

A
  • Appetite
  • Control of behavioural impulses
  • Mood
116
Q

Where is serotonin released to?

A

It is released into emotional, memory & muscle-control areas

117
Q

What is serotonin’s main behavioural function?

A

Imoulse control

118
Q

Where is dopamine released into?

A

Emotional, executive & memory areas

119
Q

What is dopamine’s main function?

A

Habit forming

120
Q

What are the 3 abnormal brain circuits in OCD?

A
  • OFC
  • Thalamus
  • Caudate nucleus
121
Q

What is the OFC (relating to OCD)?

A

Sends signal to the thalamus about things that are worrying

122
Q

What is the Thalamus (relating to OCD)?

A

Leads to impulse to act & then to stop activity when the impulse lessens

123
Q

What is the Caudate nucleus (relating to OCD)?

A

Normally suppresses signals from the OFC

If damaged, it fails to do this & so the thalamus is alerted about minor worry signals

It sends signals back to the OFC acting as a worry circuit

124
Q

Which part of the brain must be damaged for a worry cicuit to occur?

A

The Caudate nucleus (surppresses worry signals) is damaged

OFC and Thalamus form a worry loop

125
Q

What is the COMT OCD process?

A

COMT - activity low ->

Dopamine - levels high ->

Caudate nucleus - overactive ->

Hypervigilance - anxiety ->

Obsessive thoughts

126
Q

What is the SERT OCD process?

A

SERT - activity high ->

Serotoning - levels low ->

Obritofrontal cortex - underactive ->

Impulsiveness ->

Compulsive behaviour

127
Q

What is diathsis-stress?

A

The idea of a simple link between one gene & a complex disorder like OCD is unlikely

128
Q

What does diathesis-stress suggest?

A

Each individual gene only creates a vulverability (diathesis) for OCD along with other conditions

Other factors (stressors) affect what condition develops or indeed whether mental illness develops

129
Q

What is humanism?

A

Modern secular belief system that treats human experience as the ultimate source of meaning

130
Q

What sort of approach does humanist healthcare use?

A

A “person centred appraoch” - the patient’s subjective feelings are what matters

131
Q

How does humanism account for cultural relativism?

A

By considering individuals’ happiness above fixed diagnostic tools

132
Q

Who proposed deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda (1958)

133
Q

What does Jahoda look at specifically in her deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Her definition looks at the positives rather than the negatives - the idea of mental health rather than mental illness

134
Q

What did Jahoda beleive her 6 major criteria for ideal mental health promoted?

A

She believed they promoted psychological health & well-being, enabling an individual to feel happy (free of distress) & behave competently

135
Q

What did Jahoda think would happen to a person who lacked any of her 6 criteria?

A

They vould be vulnerable to mental disorder & therefore abnormal

The more characteristics they fail to meet & the further they are from realising them, the more abnormal they are

136
Q

What were the 6 major criteria that Jahoda promoted in her theory?

A
  1. Self-attitudes
  2. Self-actualisation
  3. Integration
  4. Autonomy
  5. Accurate perception of reality
  6. Mastery of the environment
137
Q

Define Self-attitudes (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

Having high self-esteem & a strong sense of identity, high self-respect & a +ive self concept

138
Q

Define Self-actualisation (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

The extent to which an individual develops their full capabilities

i.e. fulfilling their potential

139
Q

Define Integration (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

Being able to cope with stressful situations

140
Q

Define Autonomy (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

Being independent & self-reliant and able to make personal decisions

141
Q

Define having an accurate perception of reality (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

Perceiving the world in a non-distorted fashion

Having an objective & realistic view of the world

142
Q

Define Mastery of the environment (Jahoda’s 6 categories)

A

Being competent in all aspects of life - being able to meet the demands of any situation

e.g. ability to love, function at work etc

143
Q

What is depression generally characterised by?

A

Low mood & low energy levels

144
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaning depression?

A

Cognitive scientists are most concerned w how irrational thinking (cognitions) leads to depression

145
Q

What are the two major cognitive approaches to exaplaining depression?

A
  • Ellis’ ABC model (1962)

- Beck’s negative triad (1967)

146
Q

What does Ellis believe irrational beliefs are due to in his ABC model?

A

Mustabatory thinking

147
Q

What is mustabatory thinking?

A

These are cognitions containing fixed terms

e.g. I NEED a partner or I am unlovable, I MUST receive +ive feedback or I am worthless

148
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model in a rational thinker?

A 
A = Activating event
B = rational Belief
C = Concequence
149
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model in an irrational thinker (someone who has depression)?

A 
A = Activating event 
B = irrational Belief
C = Concequence
150
Q

What are the two cognitive processes predicted by Beck’s negative triad?

A
  • Ruminating

- Catastrophising

151
Q

Define ruminating

A

Repetitive circular thinking with each thought feeding the next

152
Q

Define catastrophising

A

Irrationally -ive view and/or perception of situations

153
Q

What are the key aspects of Beck’s negative triad?

A
  • Perception of self
  • Perception of future
  • Perception of world
    (arranged in a tringle which -ive shcema in the middle)

Sorry max I can’t put in pictures bc I don’t have pro I’m poor lol :) just imagine it

154
Q

What does the -ive core schema in Beck’s triad lead to?

A

It leads to negative cognitive biases

155
Q

How do negative cognitive biases affect us (Becks triad)?

A

-ive cognitive biases affet our perception, causing irrational perception of events

156
Q

What are the limitations of the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A
  • Biological = genes (5-HT) & Amygdala
  • Behavioural = Learned helplessness
  • Humanist (counselling) = low self-esteem & poor self-belief
157
Q

How had Beck’s theory helped CBT?

A

It formed the basisof CBT - all cognitive elementsof depression can be identified & challanged in CBT

Modern CBT has a 75% sucess rate for depression

158
Q

How had Ellis’ theory helped CBT?

A

His theory led to sucessful CBT, his idea that by challanging the negative, irrational beliefs a person can reduce their depression

Is supported by research

159
Q

What are cognitions?

A

They are theoretical constructs, so we can’t directly interact with them

160
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Is a talking therapy that aims to identify irrational core beliefs & uses practical activities to challange & change them

161
Q

How can we challange cognitions?

A

We can use behavioural training to help challenege & modify cognitions indirectly

The process is collaborative - we need the patient’s engagement

162
Q

How does CBT help patients?

A

Assists patients to identify irrational thoughts & change them

Psychology AS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions