4. more sexism, violence etc.

Question 1

Gender mainstreaming

Answer 1

Strategy for promoting gender equality. Ensuring that perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities.

Question 2

Fields where we can see sexism nowadays

Answer 2

• Working world (still concentrate in “female” professions usually with less valuation, job segregation, glass ceiling, gender pay gap)
• medical research gender gap (only 20 years ago, women obligated in clinical trials)

Question 3

Violence against women
timeline

Answer 3

• Before birth: selective abortion (sex), neonatal suffering, abuse to mother
• Early childhood: murder of girls, physical, sexual, psychological abuse
• Childhoon: physical, sexual, psychological, forced marriage, genital mutilation, child porn/prostitution, incest
• Adolescence and adulthood: … forced prostitution, women traficking, couple violence, forced pregnancy
• Old age: widow homicides, forced suicide…

Question 4

Obstetric violence

Answer 4

7 categories:
- physical
- non-consensual care
- verbal
- discrimination
- abandonment
- neglect or refusal of assistance
- annulment of freedom of autonomy
- imposition of non-consensual obstetric interventions without scientific basis

Question 5

Types of violence:

Answer 5

• Psychological: humiliation, verbal, social/economic isolation, jealousy/possession, harm or torture, threats of divorce or abandonment, damage to personal belongings
• Physical: not accidental acts cause harm
• Sexual: imposition of sexual acts

Question 6

Theory of VAW

Abuser’s control strategies and behaviours (Soria)

Answer 6

• Degradation: reduce personal value
• Defensive strategies: responsibility of violence to victim
• Subjective reality distortion: transform perception of reality
• Responsibility overload: all shares problems to her
• Deprivation: basic needs
• Intimidation: command, fear, fright or terror
• Reification: change a person into an object

Question 7

Forms of harassment

Answer 7

Gender: offensive, rude or derogatory related to sexuality
Sexual intention not required
Sexual constraint: explicit attempts to obtain sexual cooperation with the promise of rewards or threat of punishment

Question 8

Models of violence against women:
Ecological model (Jorge Corsi)
Macro and exo

Answer 8

• Macrosystem: beliefs and cultural values, notions about power and obedience in the family, attitudes about violence for problem-solving, cultural definitions about familiar roles
• Exosystem: institutions as legitimizers of violence, violent models in the media, labour and economic context, legal factors

Question 9

Models of violence against women:
- Ecological model (Jorge Corsi)
- Micro and individual

Answer 9

• Microsystem: structural elements of the family and interaction patterns, personal history of family members
• Individual: behavioural and cognitive dimensions

Question 10

Models of violence against women:
Ecological model (Lori Heise)

• Socio-cultural, economic and social context factors
• Community frame, institurions and social structures (formal or informal)

Answer 10

a) rigid roles based on gender, acceptance of violence for problem-solving, norms that men control over women…

b) poverty, lower socio-economic condition, unemployment, women isolation, lack of social support…

Question 11

Models of violence against women:
Ecological model (Lori Heise)

• Familiar frame, relationships or immediate contact
• individual field and individual characteristics of the perpetrator

Answer 11

c) marital conflict, masculine control of goods, masculine decision-making

d) alcohol consumption, history of abuse

Question 12

Feminist Model
Origin of VAW

Answer 12

Patriarchal cultural values
Perpetrators more in agreement with considering women as inferior in abilities and capabilities than regular non abusers

Question 13

Consequences of VAW:
Sexual abuse

Answer 13

depression, anxiety, fear, sexual dysfunction, feeling of guilt
Syndrome of rape trauma: acute phase and a reorganization process in long term
Acute reaction of stress before life threat

Question 14

Consequences of VAW:
Sexual harassment

Answer 14

depression and a variety of physical symptoms induced by stress

Question 15

Consequences of VAW:
Abuse

Answer 15

extreme anxiety, depression, loss of self-esteem, guilt feelings, permanent warning and start responses

3 categories:
- Discomfort or psychological disorder
- Changes in cognitive schemas
- Relational disorders
(if perpetrator is close to the victim, worsens the consequences with feelings of shame or guilt)

Question 16

Psychosocial well-being

Answer 16

Multidimensional construct that influences the overall functionality of individuals in achieving their true potential as members of society

Includes coping with the various stresses of everyday living and realization of the full potential of an individual as a productive member of society

Health- quality of life.