4. Inequality Flashcards
Inequality axis
Woman
Age (autonomy)
Class
Migrants and minorities
Functional diversity (social stigma and need for adaptations)
Inequality related to power structures
Traditional vs industrial societies
Ways of stratification of power
age and gender
wealth, properties, access to goods and culture
- slavery
- casts (in Hinduism divided into 4)
- stratum (bourgeois, peasants…)
- Class: similar power level, wealth distribution, privileges or access to resources (capitalism)
Inequality related to power structures
trends
Bigger the population, the bigger the power, and the need of it
Power trend to perpetuate and magnify, eg. hereditary monarchy
Inequality by power in different areas
Economics (unequal distribution of income and opportunity)
Health (social factors influence on how healthy a person is)
Education (education determines social outcomes, basic education = 3x more likely poverty, socio-economic status determines how well students perform)
Discrimination
Definition
Treating differently, negatively and adversely people on grounds of their racial or ethnic origin, religion or beliefs, disability, age and sexual orientation
(high experienced age discrimination and witnessed, high racial)
Discrimination
Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
- General attributions
- Hostile attitude against someone just because they
belong to a particular collective
Hot: open one, from emotions
Cold: politically incorrect - intolerance actions, social exclusion and marginalization
Discrimination
Forms
- Direct: treated unfavourably
- Indirect: policy or rule that puts someone at a disadvantage
- Victimization: mistreated because complain about discrimination or supported a victim
- Harassment: unwanted behaviour that makes them feel intimidated, offended or humiliated
Abuse
Definition
behaviour that is intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm :
- observable behaviour
- intentional
- goal of harming
- towards objects doesn’t count unless carried out with the intention of harming another person
Violence is an extreme form of aggression: severe physical harm as its goal
Abuse
Violence against women
UN:
Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether in public or in private
35% of women, physical and/or sexual (by partner and non-partner.
National studies: 70% (intimate partner violence)
Abuse
Violence against vulnerable women
Certain characteristics- sexual orientation, disability, status, ethnicity or some contextual factors, increase women’s vulnerability to violence
23% non-heterosexual (non-partner) compared to 5% hetero
24% 11-14y disabled compared to 12% non-disabled
Sexism
attitude of prejudice against women and gender dissident.
- Heterosexism: sexism with “positive” attitudes
- Sexism as a gender ideology: pool of beliefs about the roles, characteristics, behaviours… considered appropriate for men
or women.
Theory of social dominance and sexism
oppression derives from predisposition of humans for hierarchies.
- accumulation of individual discrimination
- accumulation of institutional discrimination
- behavioural assymetry
Palpable forms or hostiles of sexism
Classic sexism: based on inferiority or difference of women as a group
3 ideas:
- dominator paternalism
- competitive gender differentiation
- heterosexual hostility (femme fatal vs virgin mary)
Neosexism (postsexism)
Political conceptions about gender equality
Feminist demands can be perceived as a threat to traditional values and excessive
Conservative against positive action
Ambivalent sexism
Coexistence of + and - feelings towards women
Benign sexism: positive affective - prosocial behaviour (i.e. help)
Still sexism because it relies of traditional domination of the male
Benign sexists don’t feel sexist, so dangerous
- weaken resistence to patriarchy among women who accept traditional roles
- linked to levels of hostile sexism and with objective measures of gender inequality
