3. Equity Equality: moral reasoning, values and equality as a right

Question 1

Moral reasoning
Kholberg:

Answer 1

Preconventional: don’t understand meanings, just punishment and rewards (4-10)

Conventional: law necessary for social order (10-13)

Post-conventional: laws are ok but only if they don’t violate morals

Question 2

Moral reasoning
Eisenberg:

Answer 2

Empathy facilitates prosocial moral judgement and behaviours and altruism:
- People can have different motivations for altruism (post-conventional judgement is not required)
- Inclusion of affective and cognitive components
- Conflicts between ones own desire and need vs others

Question 3

Moral reasoning
Eisenberg:
5 categories of moral prosocial reasoning

Answer 3

• Hedonist reasoning
• Oriented to approval
• Oriented to the needs of others
• Stereotyped
  -Internalized

Question 4

Definition of values

Answer 4

• enduring beliefs that mode of conduct is socially or personally preferable
• learned beliefs about preferred ways of acting or being
• concepts about desirable states of behaviour
• cognitive representation of 3 universal requirements: biological needs, interpersonal coordination and social institutional demands to ensure group welfare

Question 5

Types of values:
1-5

Answer 5

• Achievement (personal success)
• Benevolence (welfare of close people)
• Conformity (restraint of impulses that harm)
• Hedonism (pleasure for oneself)
• Power (social status)

Question 6

Types of values:
6-10

Answer 6

• Security (safety)
• Self-direction (independent action-choosing)
• Stimulation (excitement)
• Tradition (customs or religion)
• Universalism (tolerance, welfare of all people)

Question 7

Universalism:

Answer 7

It is equality as a value, 3 subtypes:

• Tolerance: acceptance and understanding those who are different
• Societal concern: commitment with equality, justice and protection of all people
• Protecting nature

Question 8

Equality as a right:
Declaration of principles on equality

Answer 8

• Right of all human beings, dignity, treated with respect and equality of participation, equal before the law
• full and effective equality is to treat people differently according to circumstances
• right to equality requires positive action

Question 9

Equality as a right:
2030 agenda

Answer 9

• Vulnerable must be empowered
• foster intercultural understanding, tolerance, mutual respect and ethic of global citizenship and shared responsibility