3. Equity Equality: Human diversity

Question 1

Ethnic and cultural diversity
concepts

Answer 1

• Race: legal doctrine as actual or alleged characteristics which are biologically inherited
• Ethnicity: large group of people, same national, racial or cultural origins or state of belonging
• Cultural markers: language and religion
• Minority community: group of people living somewhere and having a religion, language, tradition of their own…

Question 2

Ethnic and cultural diversity
Racial equality directive

Answer 2

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race and ethnicity in the fields of:
employment, vocational training, membership, social protection, education, access to goods and services, legislation sets out minimum requirements

Question 3

Gender diversity:
Gender
Gender norms
Gender roles
Gender stereotypes
Gender equity

Answer 3

• socially constructed characteristics of woman and men (norms, roles, relationships)
• Beliefs about women and men, passed from generations
• what males and females are expected to do

-cognitive constructions related to tipicity, used to generalize, can lead to discrimination

• more than formal equality of opportunity, equality of results (adabt beforehand)

Question 4

Sex dimorphisms

Answer 4

Genes doesn’t fully explain human complexity
Sex polymorphisms

Question 5

DSM-5
Adolescents and adults
Children

Answer 5

Gender dysphoria:
distress or impairment

• stong desire to be other sex, desire to get rid of primary sexual characteristics
• preference for “opposite” toys
• cross-gender roles in play

Question 6

Gender construction or deconstruction

Answer 6

Native american societies - 3-5 genders
Male, female, two spirit male/female and transgender

Colonists destroyed this

Question 7

Cognitive development of gender:
Clinical psych

Answer 7

not all transgender people suffer from gender dysphoria

Question 8

Cognitive development of gender:
Gender issues

Answer 8

dimensionally rather than dichotomously (shemale, pan, poly, gender fluid)
May not experience distress or live as “the other gender”

Question 9

Identity development

Answer 9

Some authors: fixed and absolute, others, neuroscience, develops in utero. No convincing evidence

Adolescence- personal identity,
- before, individual process
- now, more context social + individual

Question 10

Gender identity development

Answer 10

Gender learning: 18-24 months
cross-gender behaviours between 2-4
when declarative statements (i am boy vs I want to be boy) mor probable transgender
10-13y crucial in development
consolidates in adolescence

Question 11

Factors related to variant identity development

Answer 11

• psychosocial: nothing much
• biological: gonadal hormones, but unlikely androgens have such a direct effect, cultural, social values

Conclusion:result of complex interplay between biological, environmental and psychological factors

Question 12

Gender schemas and stereotypes

Answer 12

Similarities between men and women, same education, work and culture.

Belief systems:
- Descriptive function
- Explicative function
- Prescriptive function (what must or mustn’t be done)

Resistant to change
Cases that agree = proof
Cases that disagree = situational

Question 13

Why gender schemas

Answer 13

simplification, lose nuances
Adaptative funtion, info easier

One of the first categorical learning:
- Easy to observe
- Exclusionary character
- Dichotomout
- Important social dimension

Question 14

Gender inventories

Answer 14

1st scale for gender stereotypes: AIAS (Attitude Interest Analysis Survey)