4 Innate immunity and recognition

Question 1

How do Neutrophils/macrophages Recognise microbial particles

Answer 1

Possess germline-encoded receptors that are nonclonals

PAM (Patteren recognition) receptors recognise ‘patterns’

Question 2

bacterial cell wall made of

Answer 2

• lipid part of LPS
• LPS must be delivered by LBP
• LPS + LBP + CD14 needs a 3rd protein to activate the cascade = toll like receptors

Question 3

what happens after transcription

Answer 3

tumour necrosis factor (TNF) respiratory burst

Question 4

what activates the transcription factors

Answer 4

LPS signalling system. The diagram shows the receptors and signal transduction pathway
by which LPS (structure shown in inset)

Question 5

Recognition by

Answer 5

1. ‘Antibodies’, Opsonins
2. Complement system
3. viral recognition - interferon

Question 6

Oponins types

Answer 6

specific and non-specific

Question 7

specific opsonin types

Answer 7

antibodies

Question 8

non-specific opsonins

Answer 8

> complement system
> fibronectin
> lectins
> fibrinogen 
> C-reactive proteins

Question 9

what is recognition/processing driven by - opsonise

Answer 9

Fc receptors

engulf pathogen through invagination and destroy

Question 10

Complement system

Answer 10

Complement activation (labelling + lysis)
Immune adherence

Question 11

Viral recognition – interferon

Answer 11

Generate signals that will protect other cells

Question 12

what do TLRs bind

Answer 12

all bind to different things - their specific pattern

Question 13

TLR recognition

Answer 13

recognise PAMPs

PAMPs activated, then many cytokines are released

Question 14

what does the complement do

Answer 14

flags the pathogen - opsonises it for destruction

Question 15

Viral recognition – interferon

Answer 15

cell attacked by a virus, virus replicate in cell = kills cell
cell produces interferon - secreted out of cell and bind to receptor in cell next to it = tells cell next to it to be prepared to protect self
Generate signals that will protect other cells

Question 16

Recognition mechanisms

Answer 16

• virus via interferon
  phagocytosis mechanisms:
• PAMs via toll receptors
• antibodies via Fc receptors phagocytosis
• opsonins via antibodies/Fc receptors = immune adherence

Question 17

Effector mechanisms

Answer 17

• PAMs via toll receptors
• antibodies via Fc receptors
• complement
• NK cells

Question 18

Recognition/processing driven by Toll receptors (driven by toll receptors)

Answer 18

• recognition
• uptake
• processing
• gene activation/deletion
  = response

Question 19

Innate I.R. Effector mechanisms -Complement activation (labelling + lysis)

Answer 19

• immune adherence (mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages)
• anaphylatoxins (telling all in area there is an attack, attract neutrophils and mast C and macrophages)
• membrane lysis

Question 20

where is the natural killer cell made

Answer 20

Bone marrow-derived cells resemble lymphocytes

Question 21

what do natural killer cells not make

Answer 21

clonally distributed antigen receptors

Question 22

what do natural killer cells do

Answer 22

release their preformed cytotoxic granules and kill cells infected by viruses or by some intracellular bacteria

Question 23

what do natural killer cells recognise

Answer 23

• antibodies via Fc receptors – granule release
• activator receptors (CD2, integrins) – cell activation, IFN-gamma
• inhibitory receptors (MHC dependent) – granule release (perforin, granzyme) cell death