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Pharmacology I > 4 - Immunologic > Flashcards

4 - Immunologic Flashcards

1
Q

B cells have the job of ________ and are therefore part of _______ immunity

A

Making Antibodies

Humoral

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2
Q

Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells have the job of ______ and are therefore responsible for ______ immunity

A

attacking and killing cells directly

cellular immunity

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3
Q

What does the T in T cells stand for?

A

Thymus, where T cells mature

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4
Q

Helper T (CD4) Cells have three jobs:

A
  1. Augment antibody production by B cells
  2. Responsible for delayed hypersensitivity
  3. Activation of cytotoxic T cells
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5
Q

Which immune cells does HIV attack?

A

Helper T cells (CD4)

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6
Q

Macrophages have three roles in acquired immunity:

A
  1. Required for activation of BOTH T cells
  2. Final mediators of delayed hypersensitivity
  3. Phagocytize cells tagged with antibodies

T CELLS IS MOST CRITICAL ROLE

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7
Q

What are Antigen-Presenting Cells?

A

APCs

What macrophages are called when they are activating T cells/ presenting antigens

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8
Q

What’s are the similarities and differences between dendritic cells and macrophages?

A

Both of them are antigen-presenting

But dendritic cells are not scavengers

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9
Q

Which cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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10
Q

Mast cells are derived from ______ and are primarily found in the _______

A

Basophils

skin and soft tissues

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11
Q

Mast cells are derived from ______ and are primarily found in the _______

A

Basophils

skin and soft tissues

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12
Q

Basophils are found in the _______

A

blood

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13
Q

What triggers a basophils and mast cells to degranulate?

A

Binding on an antigen to the antibodies on the cell’s surface

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14
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes

Think IgG and inflammation

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15
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils?

A

Attack and destroy foreign particles coated with IgE antibodies (usually helminths)

Also involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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16
Q

Antibodies mediate _____ immunity

A

humoral

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17
Q

What are alternative names for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins

Globulins

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18
Q

ALL antibodies are produced by _______

A

B lymphocytes

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19
Q

What happens to most of the antibodies that are created by B lymphocytes?

A

They are secreted from the B cell and bind to antigens

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20
Q

What are Major Histocompatibility Complexes?

A

MHCs

The MHC is a group of genes that codes for MHC molecules, which are expressed on the surface of all endogenous cell

21
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

any mediator molecule released by any immune system cell

Cytokine is the generic term anything other than an antibody that is released by immune cells

22
Q

What is a lymphokine?

A

a cytokine released by a lymphocyte

23
Q

What is a monokine?

A

a cytokine released by a mononuclear phagocyte

24
Q

Antibody production requires three types of cells:

A

APCs, which activate CD4 cells (because CD4 cells can’t recognize antigen that is free in solution. It has to be bound to an MHCII molecule)

CD4 cells, which stimulate B cells

B cells, which actually make the antibody

25
Q

How does antibody production begin?

A

With the binding of an antigen to either a virgin B cells or an APC

26
Q

When a CD4 cells binds with the processed antigen on a C cell, what happens?

A

The B cell proliferates and differentiates into Plasma Cells (which produce antibodies) and Memory B Cells (which lie in wait)

27
Q

What happens after an antigen binds with an antibody on a B cell?

A

The receptor-antigen complex is internalized

The antigen is broken down into small peptide fragments

Each fragment is combined with a class II MHC

The antigen-MHCII complex is transported to the cell surface

A CD4 cell recognizes and binds with the antigen-MHCII complex on the B cell

The CD4 cell secretes cytokines, some of which stimulate the B cell to proliferate and differentiate

28
Q

How do antibodies destroy molecules attached to antigens?

A

They don’t

Antibodies just bind with antigens. They don’t have any other powers

Antibodies work in conjunction with phagocytes and the complement system to kill x, y, and z

29
Q

The only antigens that antibodies can neutralize without help are:

A

bacterial toxins and viruses

That’s because with these, if you block the binding site (the antigen), you take away the complete effect of the toxin/virus

No action is needed other than just binding

30
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Antibodies that have bound to bacteria

The opsonin give the phagocytes essentially a handle to grab in bacteria that would otherwise be too slippery to grab and phagocytize

31
Q

What is the classical pathway for complement activation?

A

C1 encounters an antigen-antibody complex and binds with it

C1 cannot bind with antigens that are free in the serum, so it can’t activate an immune response. The antigen has to be bound as a complex

32
Q

What is the end result of complement activation?

A

Lysis by Membrane Attack Complexes

(formed by the complement cascade, literally poke a big hole in the target membrane and cause lysis)

33
Q

There are two branches of cell-mediated immunity:

A
  1. CD4 cells and lymphocytes/macrophages (responsible for delayed hypersensitivity AKA Type IV Hypersensitivity)
  2. CD8 cells, which result in target cell destruction
34
Q

What is the purpose of Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

To rid the body of bacteria that replicate INSIDE OF macrophages (listeria, mycobacterium tuberculosis)

35
Q

How is activation of CD8 cells different from activation of CD4 cells?

A

CD4 cells are activated by Antigen-MHCII complexes on APCS

CD8 cells are activated by Antigen-MHCI complexes on APCs

36
Q

The principal job of CD8 cells is:

A

to kill self cells that are infected with viruses, halting viral replication

AND transplant rejection

37
Q

Which cells have MHC II molecules?

Which cells have MHC I molecules?

A

Type II: B cells and and APCs

Type I: Literally all other cells in the body

38
Q

Should you give a child tylenol before vaccines?

A

No. It reduces immune response and it also just doesn’t work

39
Q

Which forms of hepatitis have a vaccine?

A

A and B

40
Q

In the periphery, Histamine is synthesized and stored in two types of cells:

A

Basophils

Mast Cells

41
Q

The allergic release of histamine requires:

A

prior exposure to the allergn

42
Q

The initial requirement for allergic release of histamine is production of _______ antibodies

A

IgE

43
Q

What are the effects of H1 stimulation?

A

Vasodilation

Bronchoconstriction

Increased Capillary Permeability

Itching and Pain

Wakefulness and seizure prevention

44
Q

Why aren’t histamines helpful in asthma?

A

Histamines cause bronchoconstriction if administered exogenously, but histamine doesn’t cause the level of bronchoconstriction that causes an asthma attack

45
Q

The symptoms of mild allergies are usually caused by _____

A

Histamine

Severe reactions are usually NOT due to histamine

46
Q

Low doses of antihistamine can cause CNS:

Overdose with antihistamines can cause CNS:

A

Low dose: Sedation

High: seizures (histamine has a seizure-prevention role

47
Q

Why do antihistamines have anticholinergic effects

A

They possess weak atropine-like properties

48
Q

What is the other name for fexofenadine?

A

Allegra

49
Q

Promethazine carries a black box warning for:

A

Causing fatal respiratory depression in children < 2 years

Pharmacology I (29 decks)

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