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Physics > 4 Energy resources and energy transfers > Flashcards

4 Energy resources and energy transfers Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy Stores

A
  • Chemical
  • Kinetic
  • Gravitational
  • Elastic
  • Thermal
  • Magnetic
  • Electrostatic
  • Nuclear
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2
Q

Energy Transfers

A
  • Mechanically
  • Electrically
  • By heating
  • By radiation (light, sound)
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3
Q

Principle of the conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transferred from one store to another

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4
Q

Equation for efficiency

A

useful energy output/total energy input
x 100

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5
Q

How can thermal energy transfer occur?

A
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
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6
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of thermal energy (heat) through the vibrations of atoms in a solid

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7
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of thermal energy (heat) through fluids (liquids or gases) by the upwards movement of warmer less dense regions of fluid

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8
Q

Convectional Current

A
  • Air is heated
  • So it expands
  • So becomes less dense
  • So the air rises
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9
Q

Radiation

A
  • Transfer of thermal energy (heat) through infrared waves (IR)
  • IR waves can travel in a vacuum (at the speed of light)
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10
Q

Why can conduction only occur in solids?

A

The particles are packed tightly together, so energy can be transferred from one particle to another

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11
Q

How do IR waves travel?

A
  • Travels in straight lines
  • Falls upon objects
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12
Q

What are conductors in relation to insulators?

A

Best conductors = Worst insulators
Worst conductors = Best insulators

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13
Q

Order of States of Matter from Best -> Worst Conductor / Worst insulator -> Best Insulator

A
  • Metallic Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
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14
Q

Why are gases bad conductors?

A

There is no bonding between the particles so heat cannot be transferred from one particle to the other

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15
Q

What are absorbers in relation to emitters?

A
  • Good absorbers = good emittors
  • Bad absorbers = bad emittors
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16
Q

Order of States of Matter from Good absorbers + emittors -> bad absorbers + emittors

A
  • Dull black
  • White
  • Shiny silver (good reflector)
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17
Q

Are good reflectors bad absorbers + emittors?

A

Yes

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18
Q

How does heat travel?

A

Hot -> Cold

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19
Q

Investigating Conduction

A

Conduction ring with bars of differnet metals with drawing pin attached with petroleum jelly
Heated

The metal of the drawing pin that falls off first is the best conductor

Control variable: Size of pins, distance of bars from heat source

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20
Q

Investigating Convection currents in water

A
  • Put a crystal of potassium permanganate in the middle of a beaker of water
  • Heat gently
  • Observe spread of purple
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21
Q

Investigating Convection currents in gases

A
  • Box with 2 chimneys, with lit candle under 1 chimney
  • Air warms up, floats up the chimney, and cold air is drawn into the other chimeny.
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22
Q

Investigating how well different objects radiate heat

A
  • Light bulb, half painted black, and half painted shiny white
  • Thermometers on either side
  • Greater temp. rise on black side, so black is a better radiator of heat
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23
Q

Ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer

A
  • Clothes
  • Silver foil blanket
  • Energy efficient homes
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24
Q

Reducing unwanted heat transfer: Clothes

A
  • Trap air, which is a bad conductor of heat/good insulator
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25
Q

Reducing unwanted heat transfer: Silver foil blanket

A
  • Inside surface reflects heat back to person
  • Outside surface is a bad emittor
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26
Q

Reducing unwanted heat transfer: Silver foil blanket

A
  • Inside surface reflects heat back to person
  • Outside surface is a bad emittor
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27
Q

Reducing unwanted heat transfer: Energy efficient homes

A
  • Insulation - traps air to reduce heat loss, stops formation of convection current
  • Double glazing windows - increases greenhouse effect
  • Eliminating draughts by fixing windows + doors properly
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28
Q

Work Done

A

Energy transferred (from one store to the other)

29
Q

Equation for work done

A

Work Done = Force x Distance Moved
W = Fd

30
Q

Equation for Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

A

GPE = mgh

31
Q

Equation for Kinetic Energy

A

K.E. = 1/2mv(squared)

32
Q

Power

A
  • Rate of energy transfer
  • Rate of doing work
33
Q

Equation for Power

A
  • Power = Work done/time taken
  • Power = Energy transferred/time taken
34
Q

What process do radiators do?

A

Convection

35
Q

How are radiators designed to help maximise heat transfer by convection?

A

Have curves to increase surface area

36
Q

How is electricity generated?

A
  1. Energy stored in fossil fuels is used to heat water
  2. Heat energy in high pressure steam drives a turbine
  3. Kinetic energy of turbine **spins generator **
  4. Electrical energy output
37
Q

Energy transfers involved in the generation of electricity

A

Chemical -> Thermal -> Kinetic -> Electrical

38
Q

Renewable

A

The energy resource will not run out

39
Q

Non - renewable

A

The energy resource will run out

40
Q

Ways of generating electricity

A
  • wind
  • water
  • geothermal resources
  • solar heating systems
  • solar cells
  • fossil fuels
  • nuclear power
41
Q

Fossil Fuels

A
  • Non - renewable
  • Coal, oil, gas
42
Q

Advantages of Fossil Fuels

A
  • Releases lots of energy, relatively cheaply
  • Reliable (not reliant on weather
43
Q

Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

A
  • Releases CO2 when burned -> contributes to global warming/climate change
  • Burning coal + oil releases sulfur dioxide -> causes acid rain
44
Q

Nuclear Fuel

A

Uses nuclear fission of uranium to release heat energy

45
Q

Advantages of Nuclear Fuel

A
  • Clean -> no greenhouse gases produced
  • Reliable
46
Q

Disadvantages of Nuclear Fuel

A
  • Expensive to build + maintain
  • Risks of radioactive material leaks
47
Q

Geothermal Energy

A
  • Renewable
  • Uses thermal energy underground (from radioactive decay)
  • Cold water is pumped into the ground, and the steam produced is pumped up
48
Q

Advantages of Geothermal Energy

A
  • Renewable
  • Free
  • Clean
49
Q

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

A
  • Expensive to drill deep down
  • Can only be built in a few places
50
Q

Wind Power

A
  • Wind Turbines
  • Winds are powered by Sun’s heat energy
51
Q

Advantages of Wind

A
  • Clean
  • Renewable
52
Q

Disadvantages of Wind

A
  • Ruins landscape
  • Noise pollution
  • May kill birds
  • Expensive to setup/maintain
  • Unreliable
53
Q

Wave Energy

A
  • Uses kinetic energy of waves
54
Q

Advantages of Wave Energy

A
  • Renewable
  • No pollution
55
Q

Disadvantages of Wave Energy

A
  • Unreliable
56
Q

Tidal Power

A
  • Tidal barrages = big dams where the river joins the sea
  • The movement of tides is caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon
57
Q

Advantages of Tidal Power

A
  • No pollution
  • Renewable
58
Q

Disadvantages of Tidal Power

A
  • Damages wildlife habitat
  • Ruins landscape
59
Q

Hydroelectric Power

A
  • Dam built in mountains/valleys
  • Rainwater is collected, then released at once
60
Q

Advantages of Hydroelectric Power

A
  • Renewable
  • Clean
61
Q

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power

A
  • Floods the mountains/valleys
  • Loss of habitat for wildlife
62
Q

Types of Solar Heating Systems

A
  • Solar water heating panel
  • Solar power
63
Q

Solar Water Heating Panels

A

Glass lets heat energy from Sun in, and is absorbed by black pipes -> heats water

64
Q

Advantages of Solar Water Heating Panels

A
  • Renewable
  • Free
65
Q

Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating Panels

A

Expensive to setup

66
Q

Solar Power

A

Photovoltaic cells transfer light energy -> electric energy

67
Q

Advantage of Solar Power

A
  • Renewable
    Clean
68
Q

Disadvantage of Solar Power

A
  • Loss of farmland

Physics (8 decks)

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