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Physics > 3 Waves > Flashcards

3 Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Transverse Waves - oscillations

A

Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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2
Q

Longitudinal Waves - oscillations

A

Oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

Example of Transverse Waves

A

Electromagnetic Waves
e.g. light

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4
Q

Example of Longitudinal Waves

A

Sound waves

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5
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of the wave

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6
Q

Wavefront

A
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7
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete waves per second

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8
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance for one complete wave

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9
Q

Time Period

A

Time for one complete wave

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10
Q

What do waves transfer/not transfer

A

Transfer energy and information without transferring matter

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11
Q

Equation for Wavespeed

A

Frequency x Wavelength

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12
Q

Equation for Frequency

A

1/ Time Period

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13
Q

What can be done to all waves

A

Reflected
Refracted

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14
Q

Doppler Effect

A

There is a change in the observed frequency and wavelength of a wave when its source is moving relative to an observer

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15
Q

What is light part of?

A

A continuous spectrum -> electromagnetic spectrum

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16
Q

Order of electromagnetic spectrum

Increasing frequency / low wavelength

A

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared Radiation
Visible Light (ROYGBIV)
Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Rays

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17
Q

Uses of Radio Waves

A

broadcasting and communications

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18
Q

Uses of Microwaves

A

cooking and satellite transmissions

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19
Q

Uses of Infrared Radiation

A

heaters and night vision equipment

20
Q

Uses of Visible Light

A

optical fibres and photography

21
Q

Uses of Ultraviolet

A

fluorescent lamps

22
Q

Uses of X - Rays

A

observing the internal structure of objects and materials, including for medical applications

23
Q

Uses of Gamma Rays

A

sterilising food and medical equipment

24
Q

Dangers of microwaves

A

internal heating of body tissue

25
Q

Dangers of Infrared Radiation

A

skin burns

26
Q

Dangers of Ultra Violet

A

damage to surface cells and blindness

27
Q

Dangers of Gamma rays

A

cancer, mutation

28
Q

Law of Reflection

A

the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

29
Q

Refraction

A

A change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another due to a change of speed

30
Q

What happens when a light ray is passing from a medium of low refractive index (e.g. air) to a medium of high refractive index (e.g. water)?

A

Fast -> Slow
Water has a higher refractive index + more optically dense than air.
So refracted ray bends towards normal

31
Q

What happens when a light ray is passing from a medium of high refractive index (e.g. water) to a medium of low refractive index (e.g. air)?

A

Slow -> Fast
Air has a lower refractive index + less optically dense than water.
So refracted ray bends away from the normal

32
Q

Formula for Refractive Index

A

Refractive index = sin (angle of incidence)/sin(angle of refraction)

33
Q

Critical Angle

A

When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the light ray stops being refracted and is totally internally reflected (TIR)

34
Q

Formula for critical angle

A

sin (critical angle) = 1/refractive index

35
Q

Total internal reflection in a prism - use

A

Reflectors on the back of vehicles
Reflective clothing

36
Q

Total internal reflection in optical fibres - use

A

Fibre broadband (communications)
Endoscopes

37
Q

Frequency range for human hearing

A

20 Hz - 20 000 Hz

Upper limit decreases with age

38
Q

Investigating the speed of sound in air

A

2 people stand 100m away from eachother
Person A should clap their hands
Person B should use a stopwatch (start when they see person A clap hands and stop when they hear the sound)
Speed = distance/time

Repeat with multiple distances

39
Q

Frequency and pitch

A

As frequency increases, pitch increases

40
Q

Amplitude and loudness

A

As amplitude increases, loudness increases

41
Q

Practical: investigate the frequency of a sound wave using an oscilloscope

A
  1. Connect 2 microphones to an oscilloscope and place them 2m apart
  2. Clap
  3. Find the time difference between the 2 peaks of the 2 graphs for the 2 microphones
  4. Speed = distance/time
42
Q

Characteristics of all electromagnetic waves

A
  • Travel at the speed of light = 3 x 10 to the power of 8
  • All are transverse
  • Can travel in a vacuum/don’t need a medium
  • Can be reflected + refracted
43
Q

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

A
  • All reflection is inside the material
  • All the light is reflected
  • Occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
44
Q

Virtual Image

A
  • Cannot be formed on a screen
  • Laterally inverted
45
Q

Conditions for Total Internal Reflection

A
  • Light travels froma. more optically dense to a less optically dense medium (slow-> fast)
  • i>c

Physics (8 decks)

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